敦煌文献中所见唐五代时期的水利官吏

敦煌文献中保存了许多唐五代时期地方各级水利官吏的设置运作状况记录。唐代前期设都水令,为当时敦煌“统以千渠”的最高级别水利官员。中唐吐蕃统治时期设“水官”“部落水官”以及“水监”“部落水监”“地方总水监”。晚唐五代归义军时期专设水司,长官为都渠泊使,下设多名水官。敦煌绿洲四界及寿昌灌区分别设置多名有特殊责任的水官“平水”,以“平治水利”,平水“相量”为务。此外,每条灌渠、每座斗门均设渠头或斗门长,属基层一级。这套水利官吏系统层层负责,相互配合,有效保证了农田灌溉顺利进行。同时敦煌民间还自发地组织起一批“渠人社”,这对地方政府水利管理体系是有益的补充。研究历史上水利官吏系统及其运作状况,对今天河湖运行和治理管护也具有借鉴作用。     

赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的支柱意义研究

历史时期赤水河是“南方丝绸之路”的重要支柱.西汉时期随着唐蒙取道赤水河,赤水河成为西汉王朝在巴蜀向“西南夷”腹地推进的重要军事通道;东汉开始,赤水河流域经济文化较快发展,赤水河成为巴蜀繁盛之地向“西南夷”腹地传播先进文化技术的经济通道;西晋末李氏据蜀,人口锐减,李氏引僚入蜀,赤水河成为牂牁等“西南夷”腹地向巴蜀遗民的民族走廊;唐宋前期赤水河流域经济文化继续发展并留下大量遗迹,赤水河在南方丝绸之路中主要充当经济文化交流通道;南宋后期,因防御蒙古的需要,赤水河则主要充当军事往来通道;明清以来,随着贵州设省及改土归流的推进,赤水河流域开发加快,在川盐入黔、皇木转运、黔铅调运等国家资源调配之下,赤水河流域交通的经济功能凸显,虽然平播之战、平奢之乱、平吴之乱亦有取用赤水河行军,其军事通道的意义相较预经济大通道的重要作用要逊色.当今在“一带一路”战略统筹下,系统考察历史时期赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的属性与价值,让其继续发挥南方丝绸之路支柱作用有着重要意义,可为赤水河流域区域社会的发展带来巨大的“南方丝绸之路”遗产福利.     

贵阳忠烈宫初探:黑神信仰的源流与嬗变

黑神信仰是贵州一个独特的神明信仰,在明清至民国期间兴盛达近六百年之久.其以唐代将领南霁云为神祇,并建庙宇忠烈宫祀奉之,其中影响卓著者首推贵阳忠烈宫.因贵阳忠烈宫在清末民初逐渐演变为黔省近代文教重地达德学校,故有必要从时间与空间两个维度对之进行探究,从而明晰当地黑神信仰的源流、嬗变及其实质.藉此可知,在明清时期,黑神信仰通过官方引导、民间自发两种途径传播与兴起,积极服务于当地的社会控制与社会整合.进入近代,达德学校作为忠烈宫的后继者,在对黑神信仰所彰显的传统美德予以传承的基础上,以科学民主教育对黑神信仰进行了超越.是故,贵阳忠烈宫无疑在过去数百年间对当地社会产生了深远影响.     

Geographies of temporary markets: an anatomy of the Canton Fair

While recent research on temporary clusters and temporary markets has emphasized the knowledge generation processes associated with trade fairs, little is known about the knowledge exchanges that are embedded in market relations at these events. This paper uses the case of the Canton Fair in Guangzhou, the largest trade fair in China, to illustrate that such events do not operate as a single market, but that they generate multiple dynamic market configurations, which entail different flows of knowledge, goods and people. In a typical case study, four types of market configurations are identified that simultaneously develop at this event. The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of market relations, knowledge and transactions in temporary spatial settings.     

The Carving Technology of the Handle‐Shaped Artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc) in China

The handle‐shaped artefact is a special jade object of the Three Dynasties (c.2000–200 bc ) period. The manufacturing technology and function of the handle‐shaped artefacts are widely questioned. In this paper, two handle‐shaped artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc ) are tested by digital microscope, Raman spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be made in four steps, namely rough shape cutting, edge reforming, handle making and single‐side polishing. It also suggests that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be used as sacrificial offerings, but not as hairpins or handles.     

Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army

This paper explores the integration of chemical data with metric studies and spatial analyses of archaeological artifacts to investigate questions of specialization, standardization, and production organization behind large-scale technological enterprises. The main analytical focus is placed on the 40,000 bronze arrowheads recovered with the Terracotta Army in the First Emperor’s Mausoleum, Xi’an, China. Based on the identification by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of chemical clusters that correspond to individual metal batches, and combined with a study of their context in the tomb complex, we argue that the manufacture of arrows was organized via a cellular production model with various multi-skilled units rather than as a single production line. This system favored more adaptable and efficient logistical organization that facilitated dynamic cross-craft interaction while maintaining remarkable degrees of standardization. We discuss the use of “the batch” as an analytical category and how our method might be applied to other studies of craft organization in complex societies and imperial systems.     

From Revanchism to Ambivalence: The Changing Politics of Street Vending in Guangzhou

By focusing on Guangzhou's street‐vending policy transformation, this article explores how exclusionary practices of urban politics in China are undermined by those who it seeks to exclude and the progressive political climate that questions the exclusionary framework. The exclusion of street vendors in Guangzhou has been led by the National Sanitary City campaign as a revanchist project. It has been discovered that while the exclusionary strategies are rendered difficult to operate due to the resistance of street vendors who develop a flexible, individualized and small‐scale activism to maintain their livelihoods, the discourse of social harmony at national level has driven local authorities to seek alternatives expected to alleviate social resistance and address people's livelihoods. However, rather than an overturn of the punitive framework, an ambivalent approach, recognized in a recent critique of revanchism, has been adopted to mediate the tension between the needs to retain attractive city images and address the livelihoods of the poor in Chinese cities.     

The Effects of Foreign Expansion on Local Growth: The Case of Macao

Abstract

This paper develops a simple model to illustrate the scenario of unsustainable development in a foreign-dominated casino city. We argue that instead of allowing the uncontrolled expansion of foreign casinos, the host community should protect and promote local gambling businesses for the sake of promoting sustainable development. Macao is used as a case study.     

前民国政府终身立法委员郭登敖述评

本文拟对前民国政府终身立法委员郭登敖的一生加以评述,郭登敖先生热爱祖国、心念统一、反对台独;情系故土、仁爱桑梓;坚守风骨、为民喉舌;终生笔耕、享誉士林。     

Review and assessment of the potential of post-IR IRSL dating methods to circumvent the problem of anomalous fading in feldspar luminescence

Quartz has been the main mineral used for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments over the last decade. The quartz OSL signal, however, has been shown to saturate at relatively low doses of ～200–400 Gy, making it difficult to be used for dating beyond about 200 thou-sand years (ka), unless the environmental dose rate is low. The infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) from feldspars has been shown to continue to grow to higher dose levels than quartz OSL. The application of IRSL dating of feldspars, however, has long been hampered by the anomalous fading effect. Recent progress in understanding anomalous fading of the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals in potassium-feldspar has led to the development of post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) protocols and also a multiple elevated temperature (MET) stimulation (MET-pIRIR) protocol. These procedures have raised the prospect of isolating a non-fading IRSL component for dating Quaternary deposits containing feldspars. In this study, we review the recent progress made on (1) overcoming anomalous fading of feldspar, and (2) the development of pIRIR dating techniques for feldspar. The potential and problems associated with these methods are discussed.