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951.
Kelly Reed 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2017,9(8):1745-1765
The Copper Age in the Carpathian Basin is marked by a distinct change in settlement patterns, material culture, social traditions and subsistence practices; however, few studies address the nature of crop cultivation in the region. This paper examines new archaeobotanical data from 13 Copper Age (ca. 4500–2500 cal BC) sites located in continental Croatia, in order to assess the extent to which crop agriculture may have changed and contributed to overall subsistence economies in the Copper Age. From the archaeobotanical results, a dominance in einkorn and emmer is seen followed by barley. Less frequently millet, naked wheat and spelt/new glume wheat are also recovered, but due to their limited numbers, it is less clear whether they were grown as crops or represent weeds. Pulses (e.g. lentil, pea and grass pea), fruit remains (e.g. cornelian cherry and chinese lantern) and wild plant and weed species are also recovered, although more commonly from the late Copper Age sites. The archaeobotanical results show a clear reduction in the quantity and range of plant species recovered during the early/middle Copper Age; however, this is likely the result of taphonomic bias rather than a reduction in crop cultivation. The results therefore highlight problems of recovery bias in the region, which makes comparisons between sites as well as the reconstruction of crop husbandry regimes difficult. Overall, the results from continental Croatia suggest that the type of crops cultivated continued relatively unchanged from the late Neolithic, although it is clear that more research is desperately needed to explore the relationship between crop agriculture and the changing socio-economic environment of the Copper Age in the region. 相似文献
952.
Reza Sohbati Andrew S. Murray Mayank Jain Jan-Pieter Buylaert Kristina J. Thomsen 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):249-258
There are many examples of buried rock surfaces whose age is of interest to geologists and archaeologists. Luminescence dating
is a potential method which can be applied to dating such surfaces; as part of a research project which aims to develop such
an approach, the degree of resetting of OSL signals in grains and slices from five different cobbles/boulders collected from
a modern beach is investigated. All the rock surfaces are presumed to have been exposed to daylight for a prolonged period
of time (weeks to years). Feldspar was identified as the preferred dosimeter because quartz extracts were insensitive. Dose
recovery tests using solar simulator and IR diodes on both K-feldspar grains and solid slices taken from the inner parts of
the rocks are discussed. Preheat plateau results using surface grains and slices show that significant thermal transfer in
naturally bleached samples can be avoided by keeping preheat temperatures low. Equivalent doses from surface K-feldspar grains
were highly scattered and much larger than expected (0.02 Gy to >100 Gy), while solid surface slices gave more reproducible
small doses (mean = 0.17±0.02 Gy, n = 32). Neither crushing nor partial bleaching were found to be responsible for the large
scattered doses from grains, nor did the inevitable contribution from Na-feldspar to the signal from solid slices explain
the improved reproducibility in the slices. By modelling the increase of luminescence signal with distance into the rock surface,
attenuation factors were derived for two samples. These indicate that, for instance, bleaching at a depth of 2 mm into these
samples occurs at about ∼28% of the rate at the surface. We conclude that it should be possible to derive meaningful burial
doses of >1 Gy from such cobbles; younger samples would probably require a correction for incomplete bleaching. 相似文献
953.
Sada Mire 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):71-91
Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue
without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid
organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked
awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and
methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure
for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect
cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target
of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there
is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such
work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management
strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach.
This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission
of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment
of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali
heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras. 相似文献
954.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献
955.
Timothy E. Gregory 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2010,14(2):302-307
Recent work by archaeologists emphasized the contributions of archaeological fieldwork to the study of post-classical Greece.
This marks a significant departure from traditional approaches to the archaeology of Byzantium that tended to focus on art
historical methods and architectural history. Despite these changes in the study of post-classical Greece, the issues of abandonment,
continuity and change continue to play an important role both in ongoing debates and will undoubtedly influence future research
priorities. Only collaboration among scholars who study historical archaeology in Greece and elsewhere will ensure the continued
relevance of this field even as these long-standing debates wane in relevance. 相似文献
956.
Elise M. S. Belle Saima Shah Tudor Parfitt Mark G. Thomas 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(3):217-224
Several cultural or religious groups claim descent from a common ancestor. The extent to which this claimed ancestry is real
or socially constructed can be assessed by means of genetic studies. Syed is a common honorific title given to male Muslims
belonging to certain families claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons Hassan and Hussein, who lived
1,400 years ago and were the sons of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima. If all Syeds really are in direct descent from Hassan
and Hussein, we would expect the Y chromosomes of Syeds to be less diverse than those of non-Syeds. Outside the Arab world,
we would also expect to find that Syeds share Y chromosomes with Arab populations to a greater extent than they do with their
non-Syed geographic neighbours. In this study, we found that the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from India and Pakistan
are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief
that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. In addition to Syeds, we also considered
members of other hereditary Muslim lineages, which either claim descent from the tribe or family of Muhammad or from the residents
of Medinah. Here, we found that these lineages showed greater affinity to geographically distant Arab populations, than to
their neighbours from the Indian subcontinent, who do not belong to an Islamic honorific lineage. 相似文献
957.
Alfredo González-Ruibal 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2010,14(4):547-574
Despite the relevance of material culture in the politics and culture of Italian Fascism (1922–45), this phenomenon has rarely
been approached from an archaeological point of view. In this article, I argue that archaeology can provide new insights into
the study of this particular version of totalitarianism. I will show the connections that an archaeological study of fascism
has with some concerns of historical archaeology, such as colonialism, power, conflict, and race. For this, three Italian
military sites in Ethiopia will be examined. 相似文献
958.
The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage represents a significant move forward in
the global protection and management of underwater cultural heritage. This paper reviews the Convention’s most basic tenets,
such as in situ preservation, refusing commercial recovery, encouraging the cooperation of States also beyond territorial
waters, and the creation of international standards for underwater archaeology. It also discusses the Scientific and Technical
Advisory Body and highlights the Convention’s current status as an important tool to preserve and protect an international
maritime heritage. 相似文献
959.
James K. Feathers Jack Johnson Silvia Rodriguez Kembel 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2008,15(3):266-296
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is applied to quartz extracted from mud mortar collected from Chavín de Huántar, an
early Andean monumental center. The samples appear to have been only partially exposed to sunlight during construction, so
a minimum age model is applied to equivalent dose distributions. Complications, including complex radioactivity, low sensitivity
of the quartz, and limited sample, prevent high precision, but the 14 dates obtained cluster around 1000 BC largely in agreement
with radiocarbon assays on charcoal also collected from the mortar. Results suggest a relatively rapid construction for the
monument. This work develops OSL as a method for directly dating architectural mortar. 相似文献
960.
Mark A. Rees 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2008,12(4):338-359
Acadian expulsion from Nova Scotia and subsequent settlement in south Louisiana during the late eighteenth century have inspired
numerous studies since the 1970s concerning their history, cultural practices, and ethnic identity. The transformative landscape
of south Louisiana is the milieu where actions, experiences, and perception interconnect with collective memory and historical
consciousness in the production of Cajun identity. The resulting historical narratives and commemorations constitute a heritage
landscape known as Acadiana, where monuments, memorials, historic sites, and parks reaffirm and reproduce this identity. An
historical archaeology of Acadiana, including a recent investigation of the Amand Broussard homesite, offers a unique opportunity
for cultural analysis and historical critique. 相似文献