L. A. ORTEGA  M. C. ZULUAGA  A. ALONSO‐OLAZABAL  M. INSAUSTI  A. IBÁÑEZ 《Archaeometry》2008,50(3):387-408

Chemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out on historical lime mortars from the parish church of Santa María La Real (Guipúzcoa). The study included various periods ranging from Roman to modern times and allowed the identification of various types of raw materials. In order to obtain pure binder, free of carbonate aggregates and charcoal particles, an innovative binder separation method was implemented. The chemical composition of the binder allows discrimination of different provenance areas for the raw materials, although those areas do not correlate with specific historical periods. In addition, the influence of burial processes on the primeval chemical features has been assessed and reveals that modern mortars display greater chemical modification than the Roman mortars.  相似文献   

    

M. E. Zaki  F. H. Hussien  R. Abd El‐Shafy El Banna 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2009,19(1):78-89

Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced total bone mass per unit volume for the normal ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix. The present work deals with the investigation and evaluation of osteoporosis in ancient Egyptians of two social classes from the Old Kingdom in Giza. The aims of this study are to provide information about the lifestyle and health status of ancient Egyptians, and to detect the causes of osteoporosis. The material consisted of 74 skeletons (43 males and 31 females) from two different social classes (high officials and workers). Skeletons were excavated from the Giza Necropolis and belonged to the Old Kingdom (2687–2191 BC). Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites (radius, fourth lumbar vertebra and head of femur). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show the microarchitectural structure of the bone. Results showed a significant decrease of BMD values in old age groups compared with younger ones in both sexes. In addition, SEM of trabecular bone in osteoporotic cases demonstrated that the horizontal trabeculae were more affected than the vertical trabeculae. Comparison between high officials and workers revealed that osteoporosis was more frequent in male workers than in male high officials, and in female high officials than in female workers. An elevated prevalence of osteoporosis among male workers may be related to the effects of nutritional stress and excessive workload, while a sedentary lifestyle may have played a role in the occurrence of osteoporosis among female high officials. Moreover, osteoporosis occurs earlier and more frequently in females than males, which may be related to the hormonal changes that accompany the menopause in females. This study emphasises the importance of gender and lifestyle factors in influencing the severity of osteoporosis. Age‐related bone loss at most skeletal sites is noted in both sexes of ancient Egyptians. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

F. H. Hussien  A. M. Sarry El‐Din  W. A. El Samie Kandeel  R. A. E‐S. El Banna 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2009,19(5):613-627

The spine can provide a large amount of information about an individual's physical condition and possible lifestyle through palaeopathological investigations. The aim of this research was to study spinal diseases among Greco‐Roman ancient Egyptians from Bahriyah Oasis, and to compare them with those from Giza of the Old Kingdom. The material used in the study included 809 single vertebrae and 77 adult sacra of ancient Egyptians from the Greco‐Roman period (332–30 BC) that were excavated from Bahriyah Oasis. The spinal elements were examined for pathological conditions, degenerative diseases, trauma, congenital abnormalities, infectious diseases and neoplasms. The most common lesions of the spine were those due to degenerative processes. The articular facets were more affected than the vertebral bodies. Compression fractures of the bodies, mostly due to osteoporosis, were found in 1.44% and 5.07% of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae respectively. The percentage of spina bifida occulta among ancient Egyptians from Bahriyah Oasis was 62.33%, while among those from Giza was only 3.33%. Few cases of lumbar spondylolysis and one case of DISH were recorded. No cases of infectious or neoplastic diseases were found. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

A. Haroon Akram‐Lodhi 《Development and change》2008,39(3):487-490

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Devorah Barzilay‐Yegar 《Journal of Israeli History》2013,32(2):241-254

This article explores the dissonance between the radicalism of Ahad Ha'am's essays such as “Ancestor Worship” (1897) and “Moses” (1904), and his defense of the Masoretic Text as the starting point for teaching the Bible and rejection of source criticism as a pedagogic tool in the Herzliya Gymnasium debate. While Ahad Ha'am consistently deployed the Bible as a tool for promoting national revival, his polemics against Yosef Haim Brenner's attempt to divorce national identity from cultural allegiance to the Bible, and against Claude G. Montefiore's attempt to place the New Testament on a Jewish pedestal, drove him to a more conservative position.  相似文献   

    

Helene Martinsson‐Wallin  Moa Nord 《Archaeology in Oceania》2007,42(1):1-14

ABSTRACT Cultural Heritage in Samoa “E mana'o i le vao, ae, fefe i le aitu” [We Want the Forest, Yet Fear the Spirits] is a Samoan proverb used by Malama Meleisea (1980:21) to describe the contradiction between the development and culture in Samoa. As chiefdom and family based society the oral traditions are very important and intimately tied to titles/genealogies and land. Archaeology dealing with the past material remains is a young science, which has mainly developed in the Pacific area, since the 1950's and onwards by non‐Polynesians (Emory et al. 1959; Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961; Gifford 1951; Gifford and Shutler 1956; Kirch 2000). Prior to the archaeological research, traditional history comprising of genealogies, legends and mythology provided the evidences/explanations for origin, migration and structure of the past and contemporary societies. To be an orator chief (tulafale) who handles the “high” language well, and are careful custodians of the honorifics (fa'alupega) gives high status in the society.  相似文献   

    

Anders Fischer  Mike Richards  Jesper Olsen  David Earle Robinson  Pia Bennike  Lucyna Kubiak‐Martens  Jan Heinemeier 《Acta Archaeologica》2007,78(2):163-178

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Anne Booth 《History Compass》2008,6(1):25-53

The article attempts a survey of economic development in the main colonies of Southeast Asia, and the independent country of Thailand, in the decades from 1870 to 1940. These decades witnessed a rapid growth of exports and in several cases quite fast growth of national income. The article examines the links between expanded export trade, economic growth, the role of government and living standards. The article stresses the very considerable differences which had emerged in a number of economic and social indicators by the late 1930s.  相似文献   

    

M. J. Kim  C. S. Oh  I. S. Lee  B. H. Lee  J. H. Choi  D.‐S. Lim  Y. S. Yi  W.‐J. Han  Y.‐S. Kim  G. D. Bok  S. D. Lee  D. H. Shin 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2008,18(6):614-623

Although all of the Korean medieval mummies found up to the present time have shown relatively well‐preserved brains, relevant biomedical information has been difficult to acquire owing to the obstacles to obtaining permission to conduct invasive investigations. However, recently we were able to secure permission to investigate, through various forms of examination including dissection, a well‐preserved brain found in a lime‐soil mixture barrier (LSMB) tomb in Yongin, Korea, because the remains found within the tomb were mostly skeletal. As in the cases of mummified brains from tombs found in other countries, the current Yongin case showed well‐preserved grey and white matter within well demarcated brain lobes, on which sulci and gyri could be identified. On histological examination, we found that the remaining brain tissue was composed mainly of lipids, which seems to correspond to the preserved myelin sheath. The present paper is the first report on the general preservation status of a mummified brain found in Korea. Moreover, because mummified brains are found quite frequently in LSMB medieval tombs, this study could provide a good basis upon which further such palaeo‐neuropathological studies can be progressed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Thomas Liebig  Patrick A. Puhani  Alfonso Sousa‐Poza 《Journal of regional science》2007,47(4):807-836

ABSTRACT We investigate the relationship between income tax rate variation and internal migration for the unique case of Switzerland, whose system of determining tax rates primarily at the community level results in enough variation to permit analysis of their influence on migration. Specifically, using Swiss census data, we analyze migratory responses to tax rate variations for various groups defined by age, education, and nationality/residence permit. The results suggest that young Swiss college graduates are most sensitive to tax rate differences, but the estimated effects are not large enough to offset the revenue‐increasing effect of a rise in tax rate. The migratory responses of foreigners and other age‐education groups are even smaller, and reverse causation seems negligible.  相似文献