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31.
Raine Mäntysalo Karoliina Jarenko Kristina L. Nilsson Inger-Lise Saglie 《European Planning Studies》2015,23(2):349-366
In Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian cities and urban regions, strategic approaches in urban planning have been developed by introducing different kinds of informal strategic plans. The means of improving the strategic quality of urban and regional planning have thus been searched from outside the statutory land use planning system, determined by the national planning laws. Similar development has also taken place elsewhere. When strategic plans are prepared outside the statutory planning system, these processes also lack the legal guarantee for openness, fairness and accountability. This is a serious legitimacy problem. In this article, the problem is examined theoretically and conceptually by combining democracy- and governance-theoretical perspectives. With this framework, four different approaches to legitimacy are derived: accountability, inclusiveness, liberty and fairness. The article concludes that strategic urban planning must find a balance between the four approaches to legitimacy. Concerning political processes, this requires agonistic acknowledgement of different democracy models, excluding neither deliberative nor liberalist arguments. Concerning administrative processes, it requires acknowledgement of the interdependence of statutory and informal planning instruments and the necessity of developing planning methods for their mutual complementarity—thus avoiding the detachment of informal strategic planning into a parallel planning “system”. 相似文献
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Kristina Lenz 《Scandinavian journal of history》2016,41(1):54-70
The purpose of the present research is to examine various theories concerning the origin of the Black Death, to record its routes of dissemination in the Nordic countries and across the British Isles, and to compare the pattern of that dissemination with trade routes carrying grain throughout northern Europe in the period up to and including 1350. 相似文献
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Recent work has identified IR stimulated luminescence signals at elevated temperature from both potassium- and sodium-rich
feldspars that have much lower anomalous fading rates than the conventional signal measured using IR stimulation at 50°C.
This paper examines the stability of these signals for potassium-rich sedimentary feldspars. We show that the natural post-IR
IRSL (pIRIR) signal from a 3.6 Ma old sample is in apparent saturation on a laboratory generated dose response curve, i.e.
it does not show detectable fading in nature although a low fading rate is observed on laboratory time scales. We show that
the pIRIR signal has a greater thermal stability than the IRSL signal and that the trend in increasing thermal stability is
mirrored by a decreasing fading rate. We also investigate the effect of preheat temperature and IR stimulation power on the
decay shape and conclude that the data can be explained in terms of either a single- or multiple-trap model. We present evidence
that may suggest that at least part of pIRIR signal is derived from a high temperature trap (∼550°C thermoluminescence (TL)
peak), although again the data can also be explained in terms of a single-trap model. Finally, we present dose response curves
and characteristic curvature constants (D0) values for various IRSL signals and conclude that the more stable signals saturate more quickly than the less stable signals
and that the initial and final signals saturate at approximately the same level. 相似文献
36.
Oxygen isotope analysis was performed on the enamel of the first and third permanent molars of 60 individuals excavated from the Kalfata-Budjaka necropolis associated with the ancient Greek colony of Apollonia Pontica (5th–3rd centuries BC) on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. The objective of this study was to examine the geographic origins and residential histories of these individuals and to compare the isotopic data with archaeological evidence derived from the burials in an attempt to distinguish ‘locals’ from ‘non-locals’. The analysis revealed that 55 of the 60 individuals sampled were either locally born or came from areas outside of Apollonia with isotopically similar δ18O values. Five individuals were identified as ‘non-local’, and their isotope values suggest that they originated from areas with higher δ18Ow of precipitation, most likely the Aegean region. Unfortunately, the archaeological evidence associated with these five skeletons provides no clues as to their place of origin. 相似文献
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Based on empirical data from one Swedish supermarket, this article argues that men's reconstructing of ‘women's work’ in accordance with a masculinised sense of self what Simpson (2004, ‘Masculinity at Work: The Experience of Men in Female Dominated Occupations’, Work, Employment & Society 18, no 2: 349–368) calls ‘gender–work’ is not limited to individual men's perceptions and creations of self. Rather, by investigating the gendered boundary work in which the manager and other workers engage, this study shows how these reconstructions are legitimised and made practicable by organisational micro-politics. By emphasising the specific skills required by ‘their’ department – produce – the male workers distanced themselves from the routine and standardised stocking that dominated the work performed at the supermarket. This notion that working in the produce department required specialised knowledge was legitimised by the manager and the organisation of work at the supermarket. While at times, other workers (most of them women) challenged the boundaries of the produce department, they simultaneously re-established those boundaries by glossing over potential conflicts and maintaining equal treatment existed within the organisation. 相似文献
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During the Empire, the population of Rome was composed mostly of lower-class free citizens and slaves. Viewed from historical records, the Roman diet included primarily olives, wine, and wheat, but poor and enslaved Romans may have eaten whatever they were able to find and afford, leading to significant heterogeneity in the Roman diet. Previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of skeletons from Imperial Italy have begun to reveal variation in diet, but little is known about what people ate in the capital city. This study complements previous work by adding new isotope data from human skeletons found in two Imperial-period (1st–3rd centuries AD) cemeteries in Rome. These data suggest that urban and suburban diets differed, most notably in the consumption of the C4 grain millet. Comparing these new data with all published palaeodietary data from Imperial Italy demonstrates that significant variation existed in the diet of the common people. 相似文献
40.
Kristina König Caroline Stöhr Charlotte Wagner 《Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie》2006,30(2):85-90
Abstrakt Obdachlosigkeit, Kriminalit?t, Hunger, Krankheiten, verunreinigtes Wasser und Seuchen sind nur einige Alltagsprobleme fast
einer Milliarde Slumbewohner weltweit. Unter ihnen sind zahlreiche Kinder und Jugendliche, die in den Slumgebieten scheinbar
ohne Zukunftsperspektiven aufwachsen. Viele haben ihre Familie durch AIDS verloren oder sind selbst infiziert. Ohne Arbeit
oder Ausbildungsplatz verbringen sie ihren Alltag auf den Stra?en der Slums. Die extremen Lebensbedingungen erh?hen das gesellschaftliche
Konfliktpotenzial erheblich; nicht selten ist der Einstieg der Kinder und Jugendlichen in die Kriminalit?t die Folge.
Auch in Kenia ist die Lage auf den ersten Blick trostlos: Der Staat zieht sich aus seiner Verantwortung mehr und mehr zurück,
Betroffene sind sich selbst überlassen. Zu ergründen, wie die Jugendlichen selbst L?sungen für ihre Probleme suchen und welche
Perspektiven sich ihnen bieten, war Ziel einer Studie von 15 Studierenden der Universit?t Trier im Jahr 2004 unter der Leitung
von Dr. Johannes Michael Nebe.
Im Rahmen einer mehrw?chigen Feldarbeit in verschiedenen Slumgebieten Nairobis – n?mlich in Kibera, Dandora, Korogocho, Kariobangi
und Mathare – konnten die Studierenden ihr literaturbezogenes Hintergrundwissen über die Probleme in Slumgebieten praktisch
vertiefen. Unterstützt von der Deutschen Stiftung für Weltbev?lkerung trafen sie vor Ort auf selbst organisierte Jugendclubs
und „Community Based Organisation“ (CBOs). Letztere werden von der lokalen Bev?lkerung einer Gemeinde selbst gegründet, organisieren
und verwalten sich selbst. Sie zielen dabei auf die Befriedigung von speziellen Bedürfnissen der Bev?lkerung ab. Ihre Arbeit
ist nicht an Profit, sondern an der Entwicklung der Gemeinde orientiert (UN-Habitat 2004; WELTBANK 2004). Die ersten CBOs
wurden Anfang der 90er Jahre gegründet. 相似文献