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101.
Sediments of the Karoo Basin in southern Africa represent one of the world's finest laboratories for investigating sandstone weathering. The natural breakdown of these sandstones, most notably in the Clarens Formation, is destroying much of the indigenous rock art heritage that exists there. In an attempt to elucidate the operative weathering processes, a range of micro-climatic, rock temperature, rock moisture, rock chemistry, and rock property data have been monitored over a 15 year period at two sites in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg. Results suggest that rock moisture regimes and to a lesser extent, rock thermal regimes exert the most damaging influence on San paintings. It is argued that granular disintegration and the enlargement of existing sandstone pores and bedding planes close to the rock surface, facilitate an increasingly dynamic moisture regime, which leads to an accelerating rate of weathering. Recent technological advances in data collection suggest that a re-evaluation of environmental controls may be necessary before weathering, at a scale appropriate to the deterioration of rock art, can be fully understood. The continued existence of indigenous rock art in southern Africa depends on investigations aimed at the development of techniques for its preservation. 相似文献
102.
Thomas D. Hall P. Nick Kardulias Christopher Chase-Dunn 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2011,19(3):233-279
Many archaeologists have used world-systems analysis in precapitalist settings. Some have criticized it; others have dismissed
it out of hand. Critiques include that it was developed for the “modern” world, that it is overly economistic, that it neglects
individual actors, and that it inappropriately uses modern analyses in ancient settings. Although there is some validity to
these charges when applied to Wallerstein’s original formulation, most are misdirected. The critiques are rooted in inattention
to the last three decades of work on world-systems, especially modifications made with the explicit intention to make world-systems
analysis useful in precapitalist settings. Newer comparative versions of world-systems analysis were initially developed to
better understand the evolution of world-systems that gave rise to the modern world-system. These new advances are useful
for the study of interregional interactions and long-term development. Archaeologists are well placed to contribute to the
further development of world-systems analysis; they can shed light on ancient world-systemic processes and the origins of
the modern world-system, provide empirical backing for hypotheses, and raise new theoretical and empirical questions. 相似文献
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104.
One of the classical questions in the study of nationalism concerns the end of empires. Is nationalism, to use the phrase of Hiers and Wimmer, the cause or consequence of the end of empire? This paper considers a neglected case, that of the decomposition of the Danish imperial monarchy in the years between 1848 and 1864. We find that nationalist conflicts indisputably caused the end of this political entity. Crucially, Danish nationalists in the imperial core preferred to downsize the territories controlled by the Oldenburgs rather than to share power with German speakers in the periphery. Decomposition was not, however, inevitable: an early introduction of power‐sharing schemes might have saved the imperial monarchy. 相似文献
105.
Dianne Hall 《The Journal of religious history》2014,38(2):207-223
The Orange Order was never as prominent in the Australian colonies as its own publicity asserted and its arguments against the power of Rome in Australian politics and society were more shrill than accurate. However, it held a clearly defined position as a vector of anti‐Catholicism and ultra‐Protestantism in many parts of colonial Australia, and its parades and social gatherings were important spaces for the formation of Australian Protestant identities imbued with varying levels of Irishness. The use of public space meant that the Loyal Orange Institution had a wider impact than their often small numbers might otherwise suggest. With their parades, sermons, public meetings, and demonstrations many Orangemen and women attempted to claim colonial public space not only as Protestant, but as a particularly Irish inflected anti‐Catholicism. 相似文献
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SUMMARY: The recovery of a large closely dated assemblage that can be unambiguously associated with a mid to late 18th-century Cambridge coffeehouse provides the first opportunity for a detailed consideration of material associated with these significant institutions. A cellar located off All Saints’ Passage in Cambridge, England, backfilled c. 1775–80, produced a substantial assemblage of over 500 objects; principally ceramics, but also including vessel glass, clay tobacco pipes, animal bone and other material. Marked items and assemblage composition allows this material to be unambiguously associated with Clapham’s Coffeehouse, run by William and Jane Clapham c. 1746/48–79. Relatively few archaeological assemblages related to these important 18th-century socioeconomic institutions have been recovered and the material associated with Clapham’s Coffeehouse possesses a distinctive ‘signature’, albeit one that is not necessarily generally applicable to other coffeehouses. There were a substantial number of ceramics associated with tea drinking. Coffee-drinking vessels were frequent but less common and there was relatively little evidence for chocolate drinking. A range of alcoholic drinks were also consumed and dining was common, with a particular emphasis on snacks, whilst smoking appears to have been uncommon. The assemblage is compared with other groups associated with coffeehouses, a series of groups from earlier inns in the vicinity and broadly contemporary domestic assemblages from Cambridge and inn groups from England. The archaeological evidence indicates that the materialities of coffeehouses were not significantly different to that of other establishments, such as inns, and challenges some currently held views of coffeehouses derived from documentary sources. 相似文献
110.
Kristen Michelsen 《Norwegian Archaeological Review》2013,46(1):34-38
This paper deals with a study of the pictographs at Trontveit, Nissedal parish, County of Telemark, by scientific methods. The observations lead to the conclusion that the pictographs were not painted. 相似文献