Aesthetic Cartography: The Cultural Function of Portolan Charts from 1300 to 1700

The earliest printed maps 1472–1500. By Tony Campbell. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0133 X. Pp. xii, 244, illus. £40.00 (cloth).

Die ?Caerte van oostlant? des Cornells Anthonisz‐ 1543: die alteste gedruckte Seekarte Nordeuropas und inhre Segelanweisung. By Arend W. Lang. Schriften des Deutschen Schifiahrtsmeums Bd. 8. Hamburg: Ernst Kabel Ver‐lag, 1986. ISBN 3 8225 0012 7. Pp 168, 108 plates. DM 68.00.

Gilded scenes and shining prospects: panoramic views of British towns 1575–1900. By Ralph Hyde. Catalogue of an exhibition held 9th October to 15th December 1985. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Centre for British Art, 1985. ISBN 0 930606 49 3. Pp. 207, illus. £23.00.

L'Inventaire du Monde: géographic et politique aux origines de I'Empire romain. By Claude Nicolet. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard, 1988. ISBN 2 213 02020 5. Pp. 345, illus. FF160.00 (paper).

Espace français: vision et aménagement, XVI^e XIX^e siècle. Exposition organisé par la Direction des Archives de France, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Paris: Archives Nationales, 1987. ISBN 2 86000 135 2. Pp. 192, col. plates. FFI20 (paper).

Les militaires et la cartographie des Pays‐Bas Méridionaux et de la Principauté de Liège à la fin du xvii^e et au xviii^e siècle. By Claire Lemoine‐Isabeau. Centre D'Histoire Militaire, Travaux 19. Bruxelles: Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, 1984. ISBN 2 87051 0055. Pp.296, 30 plates. [Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, Pare du Cinquantenaire, 3, B‐1040 Bruxelles.]

Civil War maps: an annotated list of maps and atlases in the Library of Congress. Compiled by Richard W. Stephen‐son. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1988. ISBN 084405981. Pp. viii, 410, illus. US$46.00 (cloth).

Island, Grönland und das nördliche Eismeer im Bild der Kartographie seit dem 10. Jahrhundert. By Oswald Dreyer‐Eimbcke. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft im Hamburg 77. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1987. ISBN 3 515 05102 3. Pp. iv, 170, illus. DM65.00. [Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, Birkenwaldstraße 44, Postfach 347, 7000 Stuttgart 1.]

L'analse de la carte ancienne: essai méthodologique: la carte du Bas‐Canada de 1831 de Joseph Bouchette. By Claude Boudrea. Rapports et Mémoires de recherche du CELAT 7. Québec: Université Laval, 1986. Pp. viii, 170, plates. [Centre d'études sur la langue, les arts et les traditions populaires des francophones en Amérique du Nord (CELAT), Faculté des Lettres, Universié Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec G1K 7PA.]

La Città de Napoli tra Vedutismo e Cartografia: Piante e Vedute dal XV al XIX Secolo. A cura di Giulo Pane e Vladimiro Valero. Napoli: Grimaldi &; C. Editori, 1987. Pp. 438, illus. [Grimaldi &; C. Editori, Via Bausan 61, 80121 Napoli.]

Exploration and mapping of the American West: selected essays. Edited by Donna P. Koepp. Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, Occasional Paper 1. Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press for The Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, 1986. ISBN 0 932757 01 4. Pp. viii, 184, illus. US$18.95 (cloth).

Explorations in the history of Canadian cartography: a collection of essays. Edited by Barbara Farrell and Aileen Desbarats. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, 1988. ISBN 0 9690682 6 3. Pp. xii, 274, illus. CDN$25.00 (paper). [Associationof Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, c/o Cartographic and Architectural Archives Division, National Archives of Canada, 395 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON3.]

Jamaica surveyed: plantation maps and plans of the eighteen and nineteenth‐centuries. By B. W. Higman. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica Publications Ltd., 1988. ISBN 976 8017 08 2. Pp. xvi, 308, illus. £20.00 (paper) [Institute ofjamaica Publications Ltd., 2A Suther‐mere Road, Kingston 10, Jamaica.]

The Sanuto sixteenth‐century Venetian globe gores: Chicago: Holzheimer Research and Publications Project and Hermon Dunlap Center for the History of Cartography, 1987. 24 sheets. Published with: The Holzheimer Venetian globe gores of the sixteenth‐century by David Woodward. Madison: The Juniper Press, 1987. Pp. iv, 20. US$395.00 (boxed).

Printed maps of the British Isles 1650–1750. By Rodney W. Shirley. Tring: Map Collector Publications; London: The British Library, 1988. ISBN 0 7123 0142 9. Pp. 168, illus. £48.00 (cloth).

The city in maps: urban mapping to 1900. By James Elliot. Published by the British Library to accompany an exhibition held from June 1987 to December 1987. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0134 8. Pp. 88, 58 illus. £9.95 (paper).

Keyguide to information sources in cartography. By Alan G. Hodgkiss and Andrew F. Tatham. London: Mansell Publishing, 1986. ISBN 0 7201 1768 2. Pp. x, 253. £25.00 (cloth),

Maps and map‐makers of the Aegean. By Vasilis Sphyroe‐ras, Anna Avramea, and Spyros Asdrahas. Translated by G. Cox and J. Solman. Athens: Olkos Ltd., 1985. ISBN 0892414553. Pp.263, 166illus, col. plates. $100.00.

Maps with the news: the development of American journalist cartography. By Mark Monmonier. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0 226 53411 1. Pp. xiv, 331, illus. £19.95 (cloth).

Origem e desenvolvimento da cartografia Portugesa na Epoca dos descrobrimentos [The origins and development of Portuguese cartography at the time of the Discoveries]. By Alfredo Pin‐heiro Marques. Descoberta do Mundo. [Lisbon]: Imprensa Nacional ‐ Casa da Moeda, 1987. Pp. 228, 16 illus. 2,100 Escudos (cloth).

The charts &; Coastal views of Captain Cook's voyages, 1: The voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Edited by Andrew David, Riidiger Joppien and Bernard Smith. Hakluyt Society Extra Series 43. London: The Hakluyt Society (with Australia Academy of the Humanities), 1988. ISBN 0 904180 23 9. Pp. lxiv, 328, illus. £100.00 (cloth). [The Hakluyt Society, c/o The British Library, Map Library, Great Russell Street, London WCIB 3DG],

Plantation acres: an historical study of the Irish land surveyor and his maps. By J. H. Andrews. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1985. ISBN 0 901 905 35 6. Pp. xxiv, 462, illus, 29 plates. £16.50 (cloth). [Ulster Historical Foundation, 68 Balmoral Avenue, Belfast BT9 6NY, Northern Ireland].

Indian maps and plans from earliest times to the advent of European surveys. By Susan Gole. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1989. ISBN 8h 85054 58 4. Pp.207, Illus. £45.00. [Jaya Books, 240^b Kentish Town Road, London NW5 1DD, or South Asia Books, PO Box 502, Columbia, Missouri 65205],     

An empirical evaluation of copper procurement and distribution: elemental analysis of Scioto Valley Hopewell copper

In prehistoric North America, artifacts of copper occupy a position of prominence in the Hopewell societies of Ohio’s Scioto Valley. These artifacts also represent the social contacts and long-distance interactions that brought copper to the Scioto Valley. Yet, our understanding of Hopewell copper acquisition, and the movement of copper artifacts within the social networks of the Scioto Valley and beyond, has been limited due to the limited availability of geochemical data concerning provenance and variability. We begin to develop the foundation for understanding these important social issues by analyzing the elemental variability of Hopewell copper through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We analyze 24 samples from four known copper source regions and 52 samples from 6 prominent sites in the Scioto Valley. Results suggest that a majority of the artifacts are consistent with sources in the Great Lakes, with a plurality classified as Isle Royale. However, 21% of Scioto Hopewell copper artifacts were most consistent with southern Appalachian sources. High elemental variability argues against simple models of copper acquisition and suggests that different social groups had access to a variety of copper sources through varying social networks. Native copper regardless of source seems to have been channeled along similar social and symbolic pathways. Our results suggest that instead of being derived from the struggle to access a specific source, value is derived from the social relationships represented by the copper and the connotation of exotic connection embodied in both style and material.     

Environmental impacts around the time of Norse landnám in the Qorlortoq valley,Eastern Settlement,Greenland

Palynology, radiocarbon dating, and open-section stratigraphies from archaeological trenches are used to examine the impact of human activity around the time of Norse landnám on vegetation and landscape associated with a small farm (Ø34) in the Qorlortoq valley, Eastern Settlement, Greenland (61° N 45° W). Peat deposits from a mire abutting the Norse ruins revealed a discontinuous palaeoenvironmental record containing a possible hiatus from ca. AD 410–1020. Palaeovegetational data were recovered either side of this period. Pollen assemblages suggest that open Salix scrub dominated the landscape during the pre-settlement phase. The later phases of landnám resulted in the creation of hay fields and heavily-grazed grassy heath. Site abandonment is reflected by a re-expansion of Salix. This occurs shortly before the onset of deposition of a Sphagnum peat, dated to cal AD 1420–1630 (2σ) and reflecting an increase in mire surface wetness, probably in response to a deteriorating climate. Radiocarbon dates were obtained on peat and plant macrofossils sampled from either side of the proposed hiatus at two different but closely-spaced (<20 m) locations across the mire. These produced significantly different dates for the cessation of peat formation in the pre-landnám period (cal BC 2130–1770 and cal AD 240–410 respectively), but near-synchronous dates for the recommencement of peat growth (cal AD 890–1150 for peat and a probably more reliable interval of cal AD 1020–1190 based on plant macrofossils). It is suggested that this hiatus may represent the first direct evidence for peat cutting in Norse Greenland.     

The Pyramids—Cement or Stone?

Several samples of pyramids from Giza were obtained. The samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction by X-rays, powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasmography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and other techniques. Some scientists who have recently studied the pyramids have suggested that the pyramids were poured into place, stone by stone. The prevailing theory among Egyptologists is, of course, that the pyramids were built from blocks of natural stone. All of the results obtained during this study directly support the concept that the pyramids are made of limestone and are not cementitious in nature.     

A Family of Location Models for Multiple-Type Discrete Dispersion

One of the defining objectives in location science is to maximize dispersion. Facilities can be dispersed for a wide variety of purposes, including attempts to optimize competitive market advantage, disperse negative impacts, and optimize security. With one exception, all of the extant dispersion models consider only one type of facility, and ignore problems where multiple types of facilities must be located. We provide examples where multiple-type dispersion is appropriate and based on this develop a general class of facility location problems that optimize multiple-type dispersion. This family of models expands on the previously formulated definitions of dispersion for single types of facilities, by allowing the interactions among different types of facilities to determine the extent to which they will be spatially dispersed. We provide a set of integer-linear programming formulations for the principal models of this class and suggest a methodology for intelligent constraint elimination. We also present results of solving a range of multiple-type dispersion problems optimally and demonstrate that only the smallest versions of such problems can be solved in a reasonable amount of computer time using general-purpose optimization software. We conclude that the family of multiple-type dispersion models provides a more comprehensive, flexible, and realistic framework for locating facilities where weighted distances should be maximized, when compared with the special case of locating only a single type of facility.     

Spaces of Utopia and Dystopia: Landscaping the Contemporary City

Some of the most recent literature within urban studies gives the distinct impression that the contemporary city now constitutes an intensely uneven patchwork of utopian and dystopian spaces that are, to all intents and purposes, physically proximate but institutionally estranged. For instance, so–called edge cities (Garreau, 1991) have been heralded as a new Eden for the information age. Meanwhile tenderly manicured urban villages, gated estates and fashionably gentrified inner–city enclaves are all being furiously marketed as idyllic landscapes to ensure a variety of lifestyle fantasies. Such lifestyles are offered additional expression beyond the home, as renaissance sites in many downtowns afford city stakeholders the pleasurable freedoms one might ordinarily associate with urban civic life. None–the–less, strict assurances are given about how these privatized domiciliary and commercialized 'public' spaces are suitably excluded from the real and imagined threats of another fiercely hostile, dystopian environment 'out there'. This is captured in a number of (largely US) perspectives which warn of a 'fortified' or 'revanchist' urban landscape, characterized by mounting social and political unrest and pockmarked with marginal interstices: derelict industrial sites, concentrated hyperghettos, and peripheral shanty towns where the poor and the homeless are increasingly shunted. Our paper offers a review of some key debates in urban geography, planning and urban politics in order to examine this patchwork–quilt urbanism, In doing so, it seeks to uncover some of the key processes through which contemporary urban landscapes of utopia and dystopia come to exist in the way they do.     

A compositional perspective on the origins of the “Nasca cult” at Cahuachi

We provide a compositional perspective on the origins of the Cahuachi cult in Nasca, south coast of Peru. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of ceramics from the Formative site of La Puntilla demonstrate that a small group of pottery known as Nasca 1 blackwares are compositionally consistent with Early Nasca polychromes originating at Cahuachi. These data suggest that the patterns of pilgrimage and group ceremonies exhibited at Cahuachi during Early Nasca began at least in the proto-Nasca phase of Nasca 1 during the Formative. We use these data to further document the Paracas to Nasca transition, a complex and dynamic period in south coastal prehistory.