Placing social interaction: An integrative approach to analyzing past built environments

A growing recognition of the vital role that built space plays in social reproduction has created a need for analytical methods and interpretive frameworks with which to investigate this relationship in archaeological datasets. I address this by developing an integrative approach that emphasizes the role of the built environment as the context for interactions through which social structures are created, transformed and reproduced. This approach uses access analysis to examine how buildings structure patterns of movement and encounter that allow social actors to engage in or avoid particular forms of interaction. With its focus on the topological properties of built space, however, access analysis does not take adequate account of a building’s symbolic aspects, especially architectural characteristics and furnishings that social actors mobilize in the creation of meaningful contexts for interaction. I therefore integrate access analysis with an examination of how built environments encode meanings and nonverbally communicate them to inhabitants and visitors, potentially influencing their actions and interactions. The integrative approach allows determination of probable contexts for various types of social interactions during which social identities could be displayed, negotiated and reified. I conclude by demonstrating the potential of this approach with an analysis of the monumental Ashlar Building from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1650–1100 BC) site of Enkomi, Cyprus.     

First comprehensive peat depositional records for tin,lead and copper associated with the antiquity of Europe's largest cassiterite deposits

Tin, as a constituent of bronze, was central to the technological development of early societies, but cassiterite (SnO₂) deposits were scarce and located distantly from the centres of Mediterranean civilizations. As Britain had the largest workable ore deposits in the ancient Western world, this has led to much historical speculation and myth regarding the long-distance trading of tin from the Bronze Age onwards. Here we establish the first detailed chronology for tin, along with lead and copper deposition, into undisturbed ombrotrophic (rain-fed) peat bogs located at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor in the centre of the British tin ore fields. Sustained elevated tin deposition is demonstrated clearly, with peaks occurring at 100–400 and 700–1000 calendar years AD – contemporaneous with the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods respectively. While pre-Roman Iron Age tin exploitation undoubtedly took place, it was on a scale that did not result in convincingly enhanced deposition of the metal. The deposition of lead in the peat record provides evidence of a pre-Roman metal-based economy in southwest Britain. Emerging in the 4th century BC, this was centred on copper and lead ore processing that expanded exponentially and then collapsed upon Roman colonization during the 1st century AD.     

National identity and primitive methodism in the United States: A transatlantic perspective

The Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America was, throughout the nineteenth century, a denomination that was transatlantic in character. It attempted to act both as a home away from home for newly arriving English industrial immigrants and as a tool of their Americanization. In the former role, the denomination enjoyed considerable success, benefiting from continuous English immigration throughout the period. However, Primitive Methodist attempts at Americanization presented much greater challenges. The constant contact both with newly arriving English immigrants and the Primitive Methodist Conference in England frustrated attempts to take the denomination in new directions and undermined its claim as an American and Americanizing church. Whilst the process of becoming American was very difficult and painful for many individual immigrants, it proved almost impossible for the institution of Primitive Methodism. Ninety years after its establishment in the United States, the denomination was still homesick.     

New maps and charts

Note on The Lake‐Dwellings of Europe.

The Realm of Nature—An Outline of Physiography. By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc., Edin., F.R.S.E. London : John Murray, 1892. Price 5s.

Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times. By P. H. M'Kerlie. Edinburgh : William Blackwood and Sons, 1891. Price 7s. 6d.

The Trade Policy of Imperial Federation from an Economic Point of View. By Maurice H. Hervey, Principal of Illawarra College, New South Wales. London : Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1892. Pp. x. + 182. Price 2s. 6d.

Two Happy Years in Ceylon. By C. F. Gordon Cumming. Illustrated, in 2 vols. Edinburgh and London : W. Blackwood and Sons, 1892. Price 30s.

Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668. By François Bernier. Edited by Archibald Constable, M.As. Soc. Beng., F.S.A. Scot. Vol. I. of Constable's Oriental Miscellany. Westminster : Archibald Constable and Co., 1891. Pp. li + 498. Price 6s. net.

The Real Japan : Studies of Contemporary Japanese Manners, Morals, Administration, and Politics. By Henry Norman. London : T. Fisher Unwin, 1892.

Japanese Girls and Women. By Alice Mabel Bacon. London : Gay and Bird, 1891. Pp. 333. Price 5s.

Coomassie and Magdala. The Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa. By Henry M. Stanley. New Edition. Pp. x + 402. Price 3s. 6d

The Great Lone Land: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure in the North‐West of America. By Colonel W. F. Butler, C.B., F.R.G.S. Fourteenth Edition. Pp. x + 386. Price 3s. 6d. London : Sampson Low, Marston, &; Company, Limited, 1891.

Untrodden Jamaica. By Herbert J. Thomas. Kingston : Aston W. Gardner and Co., 1890. Pp. 90.

The New Jamaica. By Edgar Mayhew Bacon and Eugene Murray Aaron, Ph.D. New York : Walbridge and Co. Kingston: Aston W. Gardner and Co., 1890. Pp. xi + 243.

The Statesman's Year‐Book, 1892. Edited by J. Scott Keltie, Assistant‐Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society. Pp. 1151. Price 10s. 6d.

The Northern Counties Red Book and Chronicle Almanac for 1892. Inverness: Northern Chronicle Office. Pp. 88. Price 3d.

Smith American Railways. Argentina and Uruguay. By J. K. Carter, F.G.S. London : Fred. C. Mathieson &; Sons, 1891. Pp. xii.+ 204. Price 2s. net.

Britannic Confederation : A Series of Papers by Sir John Colomb, Professor Edward A. Freeman, George G. Chisholm, Professor Shield Nicholson, Maurice H. Hervey, and the Bight Honourable Lord Thring. Edited, with an Introduction, by Arthur Silva White, Secretary and Editor, Eoyal Scottish Geographical Society. With a new map of the British Empire. London: George Philip and Son, 1892. Pp. 180. Price 3s. 6d.     

Femininity and the Right: From moral order to moral order

This article highlights the complexities of conservative, anti-feminist discourses. It underscores the cross-cutting of religious, class and political cleavages and goes some way toward illustrating the resulting multivocality of anti-feminism. Three case studies of the Right in the 1870s, the 1930s and the 1980-1990s demonstrate both the resilience of the French Right's anti-feminism and its imperative of a moral order as well as its relative ineffectiveness in subordinating conservative women. The final picture is one in which conservative women have both accepted and rebelled against the Right's conventional idea of femininity.     

Aesthetic Cartography: The Cultural Function of Portolan Charts from 1300 to 1700

The earliest printed maps 1472–1500. By Tony Campbell. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0133 X. Pp. xii, 244, illus. £40.00 (cloth).

Die ?Caerte van oostlant? des Cornells Anthonisz‐ 1543: die alteste gedruckte Seekarte Nordeuropas und inhre Segelanweisung. By Arend W. Lang. Schriften des Deutschen Schifiahrtsmeums Bd. 8. Hamburg: Ernst Kabel Ver‐lag, 1986. ISBN 3 8225 0012 7. Pp 168, 108 plates. DM 68.00.

Gilded scenes and shining prospects: panoramic views of British towns 1575–1900. By Ralph Hyde. Catalogue of an exhibition held 9th October to 15th December 1985. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Centre for British Art, 1985. ISBN 0 930606 49 3. Pp. 207, illus. £23.00.

L'Inventaire du Monde: géographic et politique aux origines de I'Empire romain. By Claude Nicolet. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard, 1988. ISBN 2 213 02020 5. Pp. 345, illus. FF160.00 (paper).

Espace français: vision et aménagement, XVI^e XIX^e siècle. Exposition organisé par la Direction des Archives de France, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Paris: Archives Nationales, 1987. ISBN 2 86000 135 2. Pp. 192, col. plates. FFI20 (paper).

Les militaires et la cartographie des Pays‐Bas Méridionaux et de la Principauté de Liège à la fin du xvii^e et au xviii^e siècle. By Claire Lemoine‐Isabeau. Centre D'Histoire Militaire, Travaux 19. Bruxelles: Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, 1984. ISBN 2 87051 0055. Pp.296, 30 plates. [Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, Pare du Cinquantenaire, 3, B‐1040 Bruxelles.]

Civil War maps: an annotated list of maps and atlases in the Library of Congress. Compiled by Richard W. Stephen‐son. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1988. ISBN 084405981. Pp. viii, 410, illus. US$46.00 (cloth).

Island, Grönland und das nördliche Eismeer im Bild der Kartographie seit dem 10. Jahrhundert. By Oswald Dreyer‐Eimbcke. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft im Hamburg 77. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1987. ISBN 3 515 05102 3. Pp. iv, 170, illus. DM65.00. [Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, Birkenwaldstraße 44, Postfach 347, 7000 Stuttgart 1.]

L'analse de la carte ancienne: essai méthodologique: la carte du Bas‐Canada de 1831 de Joseph Bouchette. By Claude Boudrea. Rapports et Mémoires de recherche du CELAT 7. Québec: Université Laval, 1986. Pp. viii, 170, plates. [Centre d'études sur la langue, les arts et les traditions populaires des francophones en Amérique du Nord (CELAT), Faculté des Lettres, Universié Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec G1K 7PA.]

La Città de Napoli tra Vedutismo e Cartografia: Piante e Vedute dal XV al XIX Secolo. A cura di Giulo Pane e Vladimiro Valero. Napoli: Grimaldi &; C. Editori, 1987. Pp. 438, illus. [Grimaldi &; C. Editori, Via Bausan 61, 80121 Napoli.]

Exploration and mapping of the American West: selected essays. Edited by Donna P. Koepp. Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, Occasional Paper 1. Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press for The Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, 1986. ISBN 0 932757 01 4. Pp. viii, 184, illus. US$18.95 (cloth).

Explorations in the history of Canadian cartography: a collection of essays. Edited by Barbara Farrell and Aileen Desbarats. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, 1988. ISBN 0 9690682 6 3. Pp. xii, 274, illus. CDN$25.00 (paper). [Associationof Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, c/o Cartographic and Architectural Archives Division, National Archives of Canada, 395 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON3.]

Jamaica surveyed: plantation maps and plans of the eighteen and nineteenth‐centuries. By B. W. Higman. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica Publications Ltd., 1988. ISBN 976 8017 08 2. Pp. xvi, 308, illus. £20.00 (paper) [Institute ofjamaica Publications Ltd., 2A Suther‐mere Road, Kingston 10, Jamaica.]

The Sanuto sixteenth‐century Venetian globe gores: Chicago: Holzheimer Research and Publications Project and Hermon Dunlap Center for the History of Cartography, 1987. 24 sheets. Published with: The Holzheimer Venetian globe gores of the sixteenth‐century by David Woodward. Madison: The Juniper Press, 1987. Pp. iv, 20. US$395.00 (boxed).

Printed maps of the British Isles 1650–1750. By Rodney W. Shirley. Tring: Map Collector Publications; London: The British Library, 1988. ISBN 0 7123 0142 9. Pp. 168, illus. £48.00 (cloth).

The city in maps: urban mapping to 1900. By James Elliot. Published by the British Library to accompany an exhibition held from June 1987 to December 1987. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0134 8. Pp. 88, 58 illus. £9.95 (paper).

Keyguide to information sources in cartography. By Alan G. Hodgkiss and Andrew F. Tatham. London: Mansell Publishing, 1986. ISBN 0 7201 1768 2. Pp. x, 253. £25.00 (cloth),

Maps and map‐makers of the Aegean. By Vasilis Sphyroe‐ras, Anna Avramea, and Spyros Asdrahas. Translated by G. Cox and J. Solman. Athens: Olkos Ltd., 1985. ISBN 0892414553. Pp.263, 166illus, col. plates. $100.00.

Maps with the news: the development of American journalist cartography. By Mark Monmonier. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0 226 53411 1. Pp. xiv, 331, illus. £19.95 (cloth).

Origem e desenvolvimento da cartografia Portugesa na Epoca dos descrobrimentos [The origins and development of Portuguese cartography at the time of the Discoveries]. By Alfredo Pin‐heiro Marques. Descoberta do Mundo. [Lisbon]: Imprensa Nacional ‐ Casa da Moeda, 1987. Pp. 228, 16 illus. 2,100 Escudos (cloth).

The charts &; Coastal views of Captain Cook's voyages, 1: The voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Edited by Andrew David, Riidiger Joppien and Bernard Smith. Hakluyt Society Extra Series 43. London: The Hakluyt Society (with Australia Academy of the Humanities), 1988. ISBN 0 904180 23 9. Pp. lxiv, 328, illus. £100.00 (cloth). [The Hakluyt Society, c/o The British Library, Map Library, Great Russell Street, London WCIB 3DG],

Plantation acres: an historical study of the Irish land surveyor and his maps. By J. H. Andrews. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1985. ISBN 0 901 905 35 6. Pp. xxiv, 462, illus, 29 plates. £16.50 (cloth). [Ulster Historical Foundation, 68 Balmoral Avenue, Belfast BT9 6NY, Northern Ireland].

Indian maps and plans from earliest times to the advent of European surveys. By Susan Gole. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1989. ISBN 8h 85054 58 4. Pp.207, Illus. £45.00. [Jaya Books, 240^b Kentish Town Road, London NW5 1DD, or South Asia Books, PO Box 502, Columbia, Missouri 65205],