双钩填五色 一彩冠三朝 雍正黄地珐琅彩牡丹花纹碗浅析

清前期景德镇贡御之器并无款署,至康熙朝始有带款识瓷器,即宫廷专用瓷。而宫廷专用亦有等差,如庙堂礼器仍依明制,沿用五色单釉器为之;内廷日用之器,至康熙晚期,则形制厘定制样,图式双钩填色,由景德镇奉御烧造,并依图式、色彩,分为帝后专用,嫔妃、内臣及赏赐、朝臣应用等。此碗高6.8、口径14.5厘米,青花双蓝圈＂大清雍正年制＂楷书双行六字款。碗内边缘为青花卷草纹,碗心彩绘如意团花纹;口沿施金彩;外壁为明黄地子,分别用红、蓝、紫绘牡丹花,故为清代宫廷最高规制的日用瓷。     

试论清末至民国康区外国教会

本文主要根据档案文献资料,旨在证明康区外国教会的传播与发展,经营时期上,集中于清朝中后期至民国;经营地域方面,以甘孜藏区为中心,向周围渗透;康区反洋教斗争具有多重性;康区外国教会在本质上,无疑扮演着西方列强侵略康藏地区先锋角色,但开办文化教育、医疗等事业等,又在客观上有积极的作用。     

Geographically Weighted Extreme Learning Machine: A Method for Space–Time Prediction

Spatial heterogeneity has been regarded as an important issue in space–time prediction. Although some statistical methods of space–time predictions have been proposed to address spatial heterogeneity, the linear assumption makes it difficult for these methods to predict geographical processes accurately because geographical processes always involve complicated nonlinear characteristics. An extreme learning machine (ELM) has the advantage of approximating nonlinear relationships with a rapid learning speed and excellent generalization performance. However, determining how to incorporate spatial heterogeneity into an ELM to predict space–time data is an urgent problem. For this purpose, a new method called geographically weighted ELM (GWELM) is proposed to address spatial heterogeneity based on an ELM in this article. GWELM is essentially a locally varying ELM in which the parameters are regarded as functions of spatial locations, and geographically weighted least squares is applied to estimate the parameters in a local model. The proposed method is used to analyze two groups of different data sets, and the results demonstrate that the GWELM method is superior to the comparative method, which is also developed to address spatial heterogeneity.     

清乾隆朝第二次廓尔喀侵藏战争(1791－1792)史上的几个问题(英文)

<正>From 1791 to 1792 (the 56th to 57th year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign) during the Qing Dynasty, the Gurkhas invaded Tibet for the second time. The first invasion had been in 1788-1789. This time the Qing court sent troops to Tibet and repelled the invaders going     

艰难的博弈:美国、中国与朝鲜战争的结束

艾森豪威尔当选美国总统后,急于结束朝鲜战争,为此目的而计划采取军事上的硬手段,发动强大的地面进攻,甚至企图诉诸核武器扩大战争的范围。与此形成鲜明对照的是,中国政府一直致力于打破停战谈判的僵局,早在斯大林去世前就在调整谈判政策,从而在推动战争结束的过程中发挥了决定性的作用。在此期间,华盛顿决策层一直考虑使用何种军事手段结束战争,最终明确制定了以核攻击为核心的政策。但无论何时,中国政府都不惧怕任何核威胁。通过与美国方面进行艰难的博弈,中国政府最终推动战争的结束,从而使朝鲜半岛恢复了和平。     

明清以来唐寅文集误收及著作权有争议者考论

唐寅文集自问世以来,不断有学者对其进行增补。人们在对唐寅文字作品有了比较全面认识的同时,错收、误收也时有发生。这些情况的出现,一方面是限于之前文献搜集比勘相对困难,另一方面也与艺术市场长期充斥唐寅的书画伪作有关。唐寅文集目前存在如下问题:他人作品误作唐寅者、原诗略经改动并易题后署名唐寅者、作者有不同说法者、改易数字另成一作等。另外,署名唐寅所作的散曲中,亦因各种晚明曲选的题署不一而存在争议。利用故宫博物院藏唐寅行书自书曲,可以部分地解开其散曲著作权之谜。唐寅文集出现的种种问题,不仅需要引起唐寅研究者的注意,也值得今人编辑艺术家文集时重视。     

Cities in a pandemic: Evidence from China

This paper studies the impact of urban density, city government efficiency, and medical resources on COVID-19 infection and death outcomes in China. We adopt a simultaneous spatial dynamic panel data model to account for (i) the simultaneity of infection and death outcomes, (ii) the spatial pattern of the transmission, (iii) the intertemporal dynamics of the disease, and (iv) the unobserved city-specific and time-specific effects. We find that, while population density increases the level of infections, government efficiency significantly mitigates the negative impact of urban density. We also find that the availability of medical resources improves public health outcomes conditional on lagged infections. Moreover, there exists significant heterogeneity at different phases of the epidemiological cycle.     

读江泽民同志关于学习历史的论述

江泽民同志认为学习历史具有重要的意义和作用。他关于学习历史重要性的论述既具有历史传承性 ,又具有现实性 ,同时还极富针对性。他指出了学习历史的主要内容和所要达到的目的 ,提出了观察和认识历史的视角 ,这些对学习历史和研究历史具有十分重要的意义。他还提出了学习历史所应坚持的原则和方法 ,为我们学习和研究历史指明了方向。     

商代“宗工”考

甲骨卜辞中宗工两见:1.…戌卜,[贞],众宗工(图一)。2.庚…[卜],贞,[众]宗工(图二)。宗工在《尚书》中也是两见,均出现在《酒诰》:3.越在外服,侯、甸、男、卫、邦、伯;越在内服,百僚庶尹,惟亚惟服宗工,越百姓里居,罔敢湎于酒。4.汝劼毖殷献臣、侯、甸、男、卫虼笫