雍正王朝与景德镇官窑瓷（下）

4．粉彩瓷的继承与发展 粉彩是康熙晚期在五彩的基础上,受珐琅彩瓷的影响,由景德镇陶瓷工匠创制的彩瓷新品种。五彩瓷烧成温度高,色彩对比强烈;粉彩瓷烧成温度低,色彩柔和淡雅,故五彩又称“硬彩”,粉彩又称“软彩”。粉彩瓷格调上所以有如此变化,主要是彩料中新引进了一种不透明的乳白色玻璃粉末,俗称“玻璃白”。其作用一是利用其乳浊作用,使各种彩料加以粉化,从而使色彩具有浓淡、深浅的色阶变化;其次是“玻璃白”的加入,可使瓷器上的画面,具有国画中用粉后的渲染效果。     

论经典注释的传意目标及其实质

经典注释活动是古代经典传承的重要方式之一.此类传承活动,须经过注释主体的理解、解释两个不同阶段,是一传意的过程.无论是在理解还是解释的过程中,受传意目标的影响,往往形成不同的注释结果及对此的评论.这既是学术的论争,也是以经典为依傍的学术发展路径.不同历史时期的经典注释目标,按主观性大小分为重主观性、重客观性、将主观性与客观性结合起来三类.任何一类目标的确立都是对前代的批判与否定.研究经典注释史不可轻信某一目标下的评论及断语,因为典籍注释均是主观性与客观性相统一的行为,只是存在客观性程度上的区别.     

Detection of parasite eggs from a moat encircling the royal palace of Silla, the ancient Korean Kingdom

We conducted a paleo-parasitological study on soil samples from the ancient moat ruins of Weolseong palace, of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57–AD 935) of Korea. Based on the cultural remains found in the mud-soil layer, the layer was precipitated onto the floor of a moat between the 5th and 8th centuries AD. We found Trichuris trichiura eggs only in that mud-soil layer, whereas no parasite eggs were identified in the other archaeological strata of the ruins. As T. trichiura eggs are shed only in human feces, we speculated that palace toilet contents were continually drained into the moat; therefore, at a certain point in time after construction, the moat finally became a ditch around the palace. Structures in the stone embankments of the moat, possibly designed to make the water flow continuously in one direction, might reflect the Silla people's efforts to alleviate the ever-increasing problems inherent in a moat.     

崇庆寺宋代彩塑的病害调查与分析思考

为了科学保护山西省崇庆寺宋、明时期的彩塑文物,作者深入调查了该寺彩塑的现状与病害,分析检测了泥塑土的配比、成分与彩绘颜料,并对比分析了该寺不同时期彩塑的材质及工艺特点。结果表明,宋代彩塑的病害类型、严重程度等较其它时期的彩塑明显要少和轻。这一现象启示我们探讨这批彩塑的造型设计、制作技艺、材料选择等具有重要的现实意义。     

秦州北宋《闵雨碑》校考

全国第三次文物普查中,2008年在天水市麦积区新阳镇凤凰山东岳庙发现了一通北宋大观三年的《闵雨碑》。该碑对于研究古代秦州地区的历史、官职、祈雨活动等有较重要的价值。     

博物馆展览文字浅析——观众研究视野中的案例分析

观众研究是现代博物馆学的核心内容。西方博物馆学通过对观众行为模式观察研究和数据统计分析,来剖析博物馆观众阅读行为的特点。相关研究成果表明,观众自身的认知体系主导着包括阅读行为在内的博物馆观众行为,并在此基础上形成博物馆体验。文字风格和形式设计影响着观众对博物馆展览文字的阅读行为。而针对具体展览的目标观众调查和展览评估应是进行展览策划和文字撰写的前提,是构建"高效"的博物馆展览文字的关键所在,却也是目前中国博物馆展览策划中的重要缺环。     

符号化的空间与空间的符号化——网络实体消费空间的建构与扩散

本文以消费社会和网络社会为背景,从鲍德里亚的消费社会理论出发,运用符号学方法,对南京"淘淘巷"网络实体街区这一消费空间的建构与扩散机制进行了分析。指出符号是消费空间特色塑造的重要路径,但消费空间的扩散并非简单的符号复制过程。揭示了网络实体消费空间作为一种半组织性的社会空间,其内涵的社会关系和运行的内在机制才是它得以存在的内因。网络实体街区这一消费空间是一种超越符号的存在,并非完全归结于符号的消费。     

陕西出土明代漆棺制作工艺及材质研究

为了更好地了解亚浸水漆器的制作工艺及材质,为该类文物修复保护提供科学依据,本工作采用扫描电镜能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析等技术对出土于陕西长安县明代墓葬一漆棺的制作工艺及主要制作材料进行了分析研究。结果表明,漆棺是按照木胎-纤维-灰层-漆膜-颜料的工序制作的,主要使用材料有麻、粘土类物质、生漆、金及朱砂颜料。漆棺制作工艺及材质与文献记载基本一致,是中国古代漆棺传统工艺制作的典型代表。     

“靖乱适所以致乱”:咸同之际山东的团练之乱

作为咸同之际团练靖乱适所以致乱的缩影,山东团练频繁侵夺以往为州县官掌握的征税和司法权,从而引发了团练与官府间的激烈冲突。这一出乎官方意料的结果有其复杂的成因:除绅民自身的利益诉求和反抗官府盘剥的动机外,清廷的团费自筹与督办团练大臣政策、官僚制度对州县官的制约同样促成了团练之乱的发生。团练之乱在严重侵害官府利益和权威的同时,亦引起传统社会结构与社会控制的显著变动。经过团练之乱,绅士与国家的疏离已相当明显,并为双方未来种种冲突埋下了伏笔。     

Evidence for a Neolithic Age fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system in the lower Yangtze River Delta,China

Establishing stable cropping systems was vital in antiquity, assuring certain yields and enabling ancient people to settle, thus possibly causing various modern food habits and culture to form around the world, especially in cereal-cultivation-dominated countries. China, one of the most famous ancient agricultural countries, has a long history of rice planting, and the fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system is prevalent in the lower Yangtze region, which is considered a rice domestication center. However, its origin and cultivation pattern remain unclear. We studied a famous agricultural vestige, the Chuodun site, involved in rice planting in the lower Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, during the Neolithic Age. Clear evidence from archaeology, paleobiology, pedology and biogeochemistry suggest both that the rice fire-irrigation cultivation system formed during the Neolithic Age and that ancient peoples lived there steadily. Under this extensive cultivation system, soil structures and properties changed significantly; in particular, it left more black carbon in the soil and increased the organic carbon soil stability, which can be used to reconstruct prehistoric environments. Meanwhile, the prevalent fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system used by farmers in this area, though for a different purpose than ancient people, may be inherited from the Neolithic Age.