A NEW SPATIAL MULTIPLE DISCRETE‐CONTINUOUS MODELING APPROACH TO LAND USE CHANGE ANALYSIS

This paper formulates a multiple discrete‐continuous probit (MDCP) land use model within a spatially explicit economic structural framework for land use change decisions. The spatial MDCP model is capable of predicting both the type and intensity of urban development patterns over large geographic areas, while also explicitly acknowledging geographic proximity‐based spatial dependencies in these patterns. At a methodological level, the paper focuses on specifying and estimating a spatial MDCP model that allows the dependent variable to exist in multiple discrete states with an intensity associated with each discrete state. The formulation also accommodates spatial dependencies, as well as spatial heterogeneity and heteroskedasticity, in the dependent variable, and should be applicable in a wide variety of fields where social and spatial dependencies between decision agents (or observation units) lead to spillover effects in multiple discrete‐continuous choices (or states). A simulation exercise is undertaken to evaluate the ability of the proposed maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) approach to recover parameters from a cross‐sectional spatial MDCP model. The results show that the MACML approach does well in recovering parameters. An empirical demonstration of the approach is undertaken using the city of Austin parcel level land use data.     

Style in New Ireland Art and Culture: Grasping the Native's Point of View

A review of definitions of style and studies of particular people suggest that while many studies of art discuss iconography, social relationships, structure, identity, form, function, and so on, few discuss style; and fewer discuss style as world view, ethos, values, or gestalt. In this paper, I report some findings of field work in the arts and cultures of New Ireland and New Hanover in support of research in cultural anthropology on style in this larger sense. I will provide some documentation for ‘the Native's point of view’ on this subject, which affirms its importance in any study of culture.     

关于遗址形成过程研究

在许多史前遗址中,我们会将与文化遗存共存的大量其他遗物和遗迹看作是人类行为所致,比如将动物骨骼看作是人类狩猎或食用的庖厨垃圾。就像用静态方法分析器物工具一样,其实这种看法是有问题的。考古遗址也一样,它们在发现时也早已处于被弃置状态,从被古人类栖居到被发掘出来的漫长岁月中,饱经地质、气候、生物和人类的种种动力作用,沧海桑田,早已是面目全非了。因此,单凭发掘过程中所获得的表面印象而做的结论,难免与遗址本来的面目有很大的出入。埋藏学和遗址形成过程研究,就是要把影响遗址和文化遗存堆积的各种自然因素和人为因素区分开来,从而能比较客观和全面地了解古人类的活动与行为方式。本文作者是最早提出遗址形成过程概念的美国考古学家,他认为一处考古遗址是由人类文化的和自然动力过程共同塑造的。自遗址形成阶段开始,文化动力和自然动力就无时不刻地对文化材料产生影响,它们决定了文化遗存保存下来的条件和机会,并直接影响到考古学家对它们的解读和古人行为复原。遗址形成过程,特别是遗址废弃后的扰动会导致考古记录呈现一种被扭曲的人类行为和社会活动图像,造成我们了解和重建过去的偏差。由于考古遗址的改造和扰动不存在有没有问题,而是程度大小的问题,所以,绝大部分的考古记录向我们展示的并非是一种凝固的远古社会形态,而是受到破坏后的扰动状态。在本文中,作者对如何研究形成过程,分辨自然动力和文化动力提出了一些理论方法的经验之谈,对于我们在考古发掘中分辨遗址形成过程有相当的参考价值。美国考古学家伍德和约翰逊指出,对于考古学家来说,对文化遗存和遗迹的关系以及它们和遗址自然迹象关系的准确辨认和判别,是我们这门学科的基础。如果我们误读了这些关系或对这些关系做出了错误的解释,那么我们就无法得出可信的考古学结论。     

Phenol Formaldehyde Revisited—Novolac Resins for the Treatment of Degraded Archaeological Wood

Archaeological wood is usually severely degraded. The Norwegian Viking Age Oseberg find exemplifies problems arising due to past conservation treatments and the need for new types of preservatives. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) has been investigated as a consolidant for alum‐treated wood. X‐ray tomography has revealed that it is possible to obtain a porous structure inside the wood, ensuring ethical acceptability by allowing re‐treatment. In order to understand the curing mechanics, the kinetics of the initial condensation reaction were elucidated at room temperature. It was found that a second‐order reaction using both phenol and formaldehyde concentrations is the most probable mechanism.     

International geography field courses: practices and challenges

Abstract

This paper introduces a special issue of the Journal of Geography in Higher Education on the practices and challenges associated with taking undergraduate geography students abroad on field courses. I argue that geography is positioned to benefit from both the internationalization of higher education and the demand by students for global experiences. The papers in this special issue focus on three aspects of international field courses: curriculum design and international partnerships, student engagement during short-duration field courses, and how encounters with place can be aided through reflection and play. I conclude with suggestions for future research on international field courses.