The Clash of Epochs: Traditional,Modern, Postmodern,and Evolutionity

Several authors have written about the clash of civilizations and have described it as the main form of conflict in today’s world. My thesis is that the clash of epochs is far more fundamental. It is the hitherto insufficiently noted ground on which different forms of conflict can take place. The clash of epochs, in the form of a conflict among traditional society, modernity, and postmodernity, has led the West to be internally torn apart and increasingly incapable of withstanding new emerging challenges. I argue that to reverse this trend, the Western world has to reconstruct itself again as a civilization. It needs to rediscover the value of its classical moral and intellectual traditions. This should be not merely a return to the past but a creative return that will initiate evolutionity—a new evolutionary epoch, which would replace modernity and postmodernity.     

战争与和平历史运动的转折--一个中国学者对第二次世界大战的思考

今年是第二次世界大战——世界反法西斯战争——胜利60周年。     

Recent Trends in Computer Applications in Archaeology

Publications of computer applications in archaeology are reviewed for the period between 1990 and 1996 inclusive. The influence of technological developments on research effort is noted, and particular areas of growth are described. One of the major trends during the review period has been the increase in use of geographical information systems (GIS), but these have still to fulfill their potential. The increased uses of computers for education, communication, and electronic publication are also regarded as important growth areas.     

《石遗室诗续集》(卷三至卷八)文献考略

《石遗室诗集》是晚清诗人陈衍(1856-1937)自选的诗歌别集.目前学界一般都认为陈衍有"《石遗室诗集》十卷,补遗一卷,续集二卷",比如2001年陈衍的后人陈步等人编纂《陈石遗集》,其中收入《石遗室诗集》一书,即收入上述共十三卷诗作;又如近年来钱仲联主编《清诗纪事》中,"陈衍"小传也只提到"有《石遗室诗集》十卷,补遗一卷,续集二卷"①.     

Recognising burnt vein quartz artefacts in archaeological assemblages

The primary aims of this study were to determine how vein quartz behaves in an open wood fire and to suggest how burnt quartz may reliably be distinguished from unburnt quartz. Experimental burning was conducted on 10–50 mm pieces of knapped quartz collected from outcrops and beach cobbles near a later Mesolithic and Neolithic quartz scatter at Belderrig, north County Mayo, Ireland. Burning resulted in considerable fragmentation, with the majority of post-burning fragments <10 mm in size. Compared to experiments with flint, few quartz pieces were expelled from the hearth during burning, probably due to lower water content. Burning reduced the lustre and transparency of quartz and oxidized any iron-bearing rock impurities to a red-brown or pink colour, but these changes could only be diagnostic of burning where unburnt quartz of the same type is available for comparison. Burning did not affect the texture of the quartz, though quartz grain boundaries became more visible in some samples. Under the microscope, all >5 μm fluid inclusions in quartz lost their fluid contents, often with the development of fluid escape structures, and this is likely to be a reliable discriminant between burnt and unburnt vein quartz generally, even in the absence of unburnt material for comparison. Burning also creates microfractures, but this feature does not provide a diagnostic test of burning as there is considerable overlap between burnt and unburnt samples in microfracture density.     

文化生态学

朱利安·斯图尔特是美国文化生态学大家,对考古学和民族学都有开拓性的贡献,本文虽然不长,但较全面系统地阐释了他文化生态学的基本思想。文化生态学认为社会是对周围环境适应的产物,文化生态学的研究即考察社会对其环境的适应过程。但文化生态学并不等于传统意义上的"环境决定论",它还同时考虑除环境之外其它因素对社会的影响,而且它认为社会与环境之间是双向的互动关系,社会固然要适应环境,但也影响乃至改造环境。社会对环境的依赖或适应程度随文化(特别是技术)的发展而变化,发展程度越低的社会(如史前社会)越受到环境的制约,这表现在社会结构等方面,但同时,构成文化的各个变量受环境影响的程度并非同等而是有所区别。随着文化的发展,社会越来越脱离自然环境的束缚,资源利用远远超出自身所在的范围,经济形态趋于专业化,社会结构上也成为一个更大组织的一部分。还要特别注意到的是,斯图尔特对生态因素的考察不仅包括自然环境,还包括了人自身的生物性特征,认为这可能也是影响文化特别是社会结构的基本要素之一。斯图尔特的文化生态学思想对于新考古学有着巨大的影响,特别是他所强调的文化的功能适应方面,对于人类早期社会的解释有十分重要的意义。但是随着考古学的发展,人类文化发展所展现出的复杂性和丰富性,远远超出了文化生态学所能提供的解释。生态因素固然可以很好地解释技术经济和社会结构问题,但对文化中的意识观念领域则无能为力,这是它的局限性。