COVID-19 and employment relief programs: A tale of spatially blind policies for a spatially driven pandemic

We use the case of Chile to analyze the effectiveness of a spatially blind employment relief program (hereafter referred to as the LPE program) established by the Chilean government and implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chile is an interesting case because on the one hand its nonpharmaceutical interventions were spatially driven by health indicators based on small geographical areas; hence, producing sizeable regional and temporal variation of the local conditions induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the LPE program was designed and implemented nationally without distinction of local labor market or pandemic conditions, and each firm could decide whether to enroll in the program. By exploiting the spatial-temporal variation of exogenously imposed lockdowns and using a difference-in-differences panel data framework, we find that the LPE program was only effective for a group of regions in the country but, more importantly, that the LPE program was less effective during lockdowns. Moreover, the requirements of the LPE program were vague and did not target specific populations or entities. Consequently, our results suggest that women, informal and small firm workers, and most economic sectors throughout the country were less able to take advantage of the benefits of this program.     

乡村振兴背景下乡村民宿主创业动机与获得感研究

民宿是落实乡村振兴战略的重要实践,研究民宿主的创业动机和获得感对推进乡村产业振兴具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文通过25位民宿主深度访谈发现,创业动机存在双生机理,且与马斯洛需求层次理论相吻合,呈现出层次性,在经济、情感归属等内部动机之外,创业政策等外部动机驱动民宿创业。创业获得感呈现出多维度性,且受创业动机驱动呈现出相应的层次性。创业动机层次越高,精神层次的获得感就越强,其对应采取的经营模式就不同。获得感意味着资本的积累,进一步驱动民宿主采取行动满足更高层次的需求。基于此,本文构建了创业动机、获得感和经营模式之间的理论框架,探索了乡村振兴的创业环境下民宿主的特征、创业过程和创业结果之间的关系。     

西藏桑耶寺壁画表面烟熏污染物的分析研究

西藏寺庙内的壁画表面普遍存在被烟熏污染物覆盖的现象。为了解烟熏污染物的成分和来源,以便为文物保护作参考,本研究以西藏桑耶寺壁画表面烟熏污染物为研究对象,对烟熏污染物样品进行扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)、红外光谱分析(IR)和剖面分析。结果表明,壁画表面烟熏污染物的厚度约为80μm,其主要成分为饱和脂肪酸甘油酯或饱和脂肪酸与大量的碳颗粒形成的混合物,环境检测结果表明酥油灯燃烧导致室内环境中的挥发性有机气体及颗粒物严重超标。研究成果可为以后的文物保护提供参考。     

5.12汶川地震中四川可移动文物及其建筑受损情况调查

四川省文博单位所藏大量可移动文物在5.12汶川地震中遭受不同程度损毁,其受损原因极具研究价值。采用文物受损信息调查表、实地调查与再核实、数据统计与分析等方法,针对受损可移动文物所处大环境、小环境及其存放或展示方式,结合每件可移动文物的受损状态进行统计研究。基本探明汶川地震中文博单位建筑和可移动文物受损原因和类型,为提升文博工作者的文物防震保护意识和开展文物防震保护研究提供基础资料。     

Millerocaulis zamunerae sp. nov. (Osmundaceae) from Jurassic,geothermally influenced,wetland environments of Patagonia,Argentina

Sagasti, A.J., García Massini, J., Escapa, I.H., Guido, D.M. & Channing, A., August 2016. Millerocaulis zamunerae sp. nov. (Osmundaceae) from Jurassic geothermally influenced wetland environments of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

A new species of Millerocaulis Erasmus ex. Tidwell emend. Vera is defined based on several permineralized stems recovered from geothermally influenced chert deposits in the Middle–Late Jurassic La Matilde Formation (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Millerocaulis zamunerae sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of an ectophloic dictyoxylic siphonostele, inner parenchymatic and outer sclerotic cortices, homogeneous sclerotic ring in the petiole bases, two masses of sclerenchyma lining the concavity of the petiolar vascular bundle, petiolar inner cortex with sclerenchyma strands in the outermost petiole cycles and stipular wings having one large and several smaller sclerenchyma bundles. Millerocaulis zamunerae inhabited geothermal wetlands and other hot-spring-related sedimentary facies associated with the La Bajada epithermal deposit. Reference to active geothermal wetlands, analogous living plants and other fossil hot spring ecosystems suggest the plant’s tolerance of physico-chemical stressors including elevated temperature, pH, salinity and phytotoxic metals/metalloids. Millerocaulis zamunerae thrived in wetlands preserved in the Jurassic geothermal systems of Santa Cruz Province, the same kind of environment in which Equisetum thermale Channing et al. was recorded previously.

Ana Julia Sagasti [anajusagasti@gmail.com] División Paleobotánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Becaria Doctoral Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Paseo del Bosque S/N B1900FWA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Juan García Massini [massini112@yahoo.com.ar] Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), Provincia de La Rioja, UNLaR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET. Entre Ríos y Mendoza S/N, 5301 Anillaco, La Rioja Argentina. Ignacio H. Escapa [iescapa@mef.org.ar] Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Fontana 140, U9100GYO, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina. Diego M. Guido [diegoguido@yahoo.com] Instituto de Recursos Minerales (INREMI), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Calle 64 y 120, La Plata (1900), Argentina. Alan Channing [channinga@gmail.com] School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.     

中国近代报刊公共空间建构的可能性及其困境 ——以1932年《申报·自由谈》为例

救亡图存语境下,近代报刊公共空间的建构与其时社会、政治语境有密切关系.《申报·自由谈》是近代中国著名的报纸副刊.1932年留法归国的青年黎烈文主编《自由谈》,期间所进行的改革引人注目,构建起中国近代报刊史上为数不多的公共舆论空间.20世纪30年代,中国面临着对外抗击日军侵略、对内停止内战这一时代主题,《自由谈》的改版恰与时代主题相勾连,使其报刊公共空间的建构成为可能.《自由谈》编辑"兼容并包"的编辑思路集结了当时国内重要的作家,形成多元化的作家群体,而作家群体私人性的杂文写作则成为《自由谈》公共领域的独特话语表述方式.然而,缺乏广泛社会基础的《自由谈》公共空间在国民政府的强力压迫之下难逃"再封建化"的宿命.     

‘Recíbanlos con cautela y consideración’: las pugnas por el poder entre el personal de la Compañía de Jesús en la Nueva España durante el generalato de Claudio Acquaviva (1581–1615)

Los obstáculos impuestos a los americanos para entrar a la Compañía de Jesús fueron una constante en la Nueva España durante el generalato de Claudio Acquaviva (1581–1615). Si bien aquellos pueden ser considerados como la prolongación de un debate que había comenzado con la llegada de los primeros franciscanos en 1524, y como parte de tensiones que existían a nivel global sobre la viabilidad de aceptar no europeos en las órdenes religiosas, esta cuestión evolucionó conforme a los nuevos estándares de la Iglesia postridentina, y a los cambios sociales y políticos del virreinato. Las tensiones provocadas por diversos grupos sociales emergentes al reclamar sus propios espacios dentro de la sociedad novohispana, ocasionaron que la discusión en torno a la creación de un clero indígena se subsumiera en una serie de pugnas entre diferentes facciones de la Compañía de Jesús, bajo la sombra de los poderes de la Corona española y Roma. Así, en una época en donde la Compañía de Jesús se debatía sus prioridades apostólicas con la disyuntiva colegios/misiones, el caso de la Provincia de México nos muestra cómo este problema estuvo inmerso en una lucha de bandos por los puestos de poder.     

Biological differences related to cultural variability during the Neolithic in a micro-geographical area of the Iberian Peninsula

This paper presents dental morphological data of Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age populations from the Catalan Pre-Pyrenean area. The Neolithic group, in particular, differs from those of surrounding areas in its funerary culture: the building of cists, which is not present in the Sepulcres de Fossa Culture. A minimum number of 118 individuals from this area were studied for this work, and the data were compared with those of other Iberian and European groups. The results indicate that the two micro-regional groups from the Catalan area (Pre-Pyrenean and Pre-Coastal) were biologically different during the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic, but not in the Bronze Age, when they also appeared to be more homogeneous culturally. In addition, both areas differ biologically from coetaneous Italian groups, although those closer to the coast show slightly smaller differences. Finally, the Bronze Age groups also present fewer differences with regard to the Italian Bronze Age’s group. Therefore, the results suggest that the Catalan Neolithic population had two separate origins, related to cultural patterns, and that differences between the groups decreased within time, probably due to trade-related activities. Moreover, the fact that the difference with Italian populations decreased during the Bronze Age suggests major population movements through the Mediterranean that would affect the biological composition of the human groups.