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951.
952.
The fat‐ and nutrient‐rich marrow of animal bones can be extracted using different techniques. Passive hammerstone percussion has been the primary focus of experimental bone breaking and the main analogy to understand archaeological bone breakage. Here, the term ‘passive’ is applied because the bone to be broken passively receives the impact from a hammerstone. In addition to this technique, there is another bone‐breaking method that also requires direct percussion, but in an active way. This method is percussion by ‘batting’, in which the bone is actively hit against an anvil until the bone breaks. This technique has rarely been considered at an experimental level and, therefore, has been omitted in the majority of the archaeological interpretations of faunal assemblages with pre‐use of fire technologies. In this study, we attempt to analytically characterize this type of bone‐breaking technique through a systematic comparison with hammerstone percussion. The applied statistical tests will allow us to distinguish some diagnostic modifications, such as the outlines of the fracture planes and the type of notches or their location with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bone. These features and their proportions allow the consideration of the use of this technique in Pleistocene anthropogenic faunal assemblages. 相似文献
953.
D. Watkinson M. Rimmer Z. Kasztovszky Z. Kis B. Maróti L. Szentmiklósi 《Archaeometry》2014,56(5):841-859
Chloride (Cl) ions diffuse into iron objects during burial and drive corrosion after excavation. Located under corrosion layers, Cl is inaccessible to many analytical techniques. Neutron analysis offers non‐destructive avenues for determining Cl content and distribution in objects. A pilot study used prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and prompt gamma activation imaging (PGAI) to analyse the bulk concentration and longitudinal distribution of Cl in archaeological iron objects. This correlated with the object corrosion rate measured by oxygen consumption, and compared well with Cl measurement using a specific ion meter. High‐Cl areas were linked with visible damage to the corrosion layers and attack of the iron core. Neutron techniques have significant advantages in the analysis of archaeological metals, including penetration depth and low detection limits. 相似文献
954.
955.
956.
Charles Higham Thomas Higham Roberto Ciarla Katerina Douka Amphan Kijngam Fiorella Rispoli 《Journal of World Prehistory》2011,24(4):227-274
White and Hamilton (J World Prehist 22: 357–97, 2009) have proposed a model for the origin of the Southeast Asian Bronze Age founded on seven AMS radiocarbon determinations from
the Northeast Thai site of Ban Chiang, which would date the initial Bronze Age there to about 2000 BC. Since this date is
too early for the derivation of a bronze industry from the documented exchange that linked Southeast Asia with Chinese states
during the 2nd millennium BC, they have identified the Seima-Turbino 3rd millennium BC forest-steppe technology of the area
between the Urals and the Altai as the source of the Southeast Asian Bronze Age. We challenge this model by presenting a new
chronological framework for Ban Chiang, which supports our model that the knowledge of bronze metallurgy reached Southeast
Asia only in the late 2nd millennium BC, through contact with the states of the Yellow and Yangtze valleys. 相似文献
957.
Martin Gallivan 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2011,19(3):281-325
Archaeological studies of Native American societies in the Chesapeake have recently incorporated a broader range of interpretive
frames, including those that emphasize historical contingency and social interaction rather than cultural ecology and cultural
materialism. New evidence of Woodland-period population movements, persistent places, and cycles of social ranking has prompted
historically oriented interpretations that foreground particular configurations of ideology, tradition, ritual, and agency.
Contact-period studies have demonstrated that native strategies of the colonial period were rooted in precontact social landscapes.
Contemporary American Indians are also reclaiming their pasts in ways that challenge archaeological practices and further
broaden perspectives on the Chesapeake past. 相似文献
958.
The Contribution of Behavioral Archaeology and the Research of Michael B. Schiffer to the Discipline
Stephen Plog 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):278-283
I evaluate the impact of Behavioral Archaeology within the discipline, focusing particularly on the contributions of Mike
Schiffer who originally proposed the approach and has continued to be the primary advocate. I suggest that Behavioral Archaeology
has made several key contributions over the last four decades. However, to answer most of the broad range of questions of
interest to the discipline, a variety of complementary methodological and theoretical approaches must be employed. 相似文献
959.
Diane Gifford-Gonzalez 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):299-308
Michael Schiffer’s Behavioral Archaeology is one of several moves in mid- to late twentieth century archaeology toward actualistically based, detailed materials analysis with the aim of developing uniformitarian principles to apply to archaeological cases. Substantial parallels exists between Schiffer’s agenda and its products and those of at least some zooarchaeologists and taphonomists, including use of chaîne opératoire or behavioral chain approaches and experimentation, as well as other materials analysis agendas. Differences as well as similarities are explored, as are continued impediments to development of archaeology as a systematic science. 相似文献
960.
Michael E. Smith 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):167-192
I review several bodies of empirical urban theory relevant to the archaeological analysis of ancient cities. Empirical theory
is a type of “middle-range theory” (following Robert Merton): sets of concepts and methods that are less abstract, and have
greater empirical content, than high-level social theory. The categories of theory reviewed here include environment-behavior
theory, architectural communication theory, space syntax, urban morphology, reception theory, generative planning theory,
normative theory, and city size theory. Most of these approaches originated in the fields of architecture, planning, and geography,
and they directly link the urban-built environment to the actions of people within cities. 相似文献