Archaeology and the Late Modern State: Introduction to the Special Issue

While archaeologists have always shown great interest in the rise and fall of premodern states, they perennially show little interest in their own. This is particularly troubling because the state is the nexus of power in archaeology. In practice, virtually all archaeology is state archaeology, imbued with and emboldened by state power. It is in this light that contributors to this Special Issue of Archaeologies grapple with the archaeology–state nexus, addressing such timely issues as colonialism, capitalism, and cultural resource or heritage management (CRM/CHM). We outline here the archaeology–state nexus concept and introduce the Special Issue.     

Does Policy Diffusion Need Space? Spatializing the Dynamics of Policy Diffusion

For decades, scholars in multiple disciplines have examined spatial diffusion, or the spatiotemporal properties associated with the diffusion of innovations. These properties include contagious, hierarchical, and relocation diffusion. Each of these refers to a spatial model that epitomizes how innovations spread among geographic locations. Policy diffusion, a separate but homologous research tradition, had its theoretical underpinnings in spatial diffusion. However, contemporary policy diffusion has focused largely on mechanism‐based diffusion. This article demonstrates how exploratory spatial data analysis can be used to uncover spatial policy diffusion properties. In this study, municipal smoking regulation adoptions, religious‐based initiatives, and bag ban and bag fees are examined. This study finds evidence that for each policy more than one property is occurring; therefore, this study proposes that a hybrid model best explains diffusion. This article demonstrates how examining spatial diffusion properties, in addition to diffusion mechanisms, can improve the conceptualization of diffusion theories, enhance mechanism or theory‐based specification of diffusion models, and unravel the specific regional or neighboring causal pathways linking policies between adopting jurisdictions.     

Widespread Policy Disruption and Interest Mobilization

We consider the involvement of different interests in policymaking following disruptions that affect the agendas of multiple subsystems. The policy process literature suggests that increased policy uncertainty and jurisdictional ambiguity could lead to substantial upheavals in interest involvement. We address these possibilities in studying the mobilization of different interests after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, for eight disrupted policy subsystems. Contrary to expectations derived from the literature, we find limited evidence of interest upheaval or cross-subsystem spillovers in interest involvement. We suggest this is because policymakers sought to reduce policy uncertainty by calling upon those interests that were best equipped to help craft and implement policy solutions. These findings point to the stabilizing influence of policy subsystems in buffering against the effects of widespread disruptions.     

战时重庆“有机知识分子”及其阶级道德基础研究——以余祖胜为例

以余祖胜为代表的工人作家作为1940年代中国激进工人阶层中的一部分,在促进“阶级计划”的进程中是一群重要的人物。为了尝试在工人和知识分子之间架起一座桥梁,并粉碎社会强加于工人阶级的耻辱,余祖胜开始从事写作。写作既是余祖胜自我解放的一种方式,也是其表达信念的工具：首先,余祖胜用当时社会所能接受的语言,要求社会给予工人应有的尊严,在1940年代重庆工人阶级的形成过程中起到了一定的作用。其次,在其作品中,余将自己的伦理观念、政治需求与个人的亲身经历融合在一起,为知识分子塑造了社会和政治鞭挞者的新形象。余努力的结果是,他成长为葛兰西所说的“有机知识分子”的典型。余祖胜渴望成为一名他自己所定义的知识分子,同时他也认为工人应与知识分子一样拥有高尚的道德境界,这使他经常处于知识分子与工人之间的夹缝位置,与其他社会阶层成员之间的关系开始变得模糊。值得回味的是,在余去世后的十年里,知识分子的改造运动在中国广泛盛行起来。