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71.
The regulation of political finance, including the funding of political parties and election campaigns, remains contentious in many democracies. A particular focus of debate has been the regulation of ‘parallel campaigners’– that is, non-candidate and non-party political actors – wanting to influence the election outcome by bringing to bear their economic resources. Drawing on both recent unsuccessful and current attempts at reforming the regulation of election spending by parallel campaigners in New Zealand, this paper explores the conflict between the democratic right to freedom of expression and the idea that all citizens should have a fair opportunity for effective political influence. It is argued that Joshua Cohen's principle of political equality, which entails the balancing of these two values, provides a justifiable framework for regulating political finance, including parallel campaign expenditures, in liberal democracies. 相似文献
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Ruth M.K. Plets Justin K. Dix Jon R. Adams Jonathan M. Bull Timothy J. Henstock Martin Gutowski Angus I. Best 《Journal of archaeological science》2009
The remains of Henry V's flagship, the Grace Dieu, currently lie buried within the inter-tidal sediments of the River Hamble (S. England). Previous archaeological investigations have been hindered by difficult excavation conditions resulting in a poor understanding of the dimensions, shape and degradation state of the hull's deeper structure. This study therefore aimed to image, characterize and reconstruct the buried remains of this vessel using a high-resolution 3D acoustic sub-bottom Chirp system with RTK-GPS positioning capability. The accurate navigation and high-resolution data that were acquired enabled the construction of a full 3D image of the site that not only identified the remains of the wooden hull, but also features buried within it. In addition, the degradation state of these buried wooden remains were investigated by calculating reflection coefficients while a hypothetical larger reconstruction of the Grace Dieu's hull was achieved, through the use of the ShipShape ship design software package. 相似文献
75.
Kerlijne Romanus Jan Baeten Jeroen Poblome Sabina Accardo Patrick Degryse Pierre Jacobs Dirk De Vos Marc Waelkens 《Journal of archaeological science》2009
Pitch compounds are frequently identified inside archaeological ceramic vessels. As their presence might affect the permeation of oil or wine into the ceramic fabric, experiments were conducted in which the diffusion of lipids or polyphenols into pitched and non-pitched modern vessels was followed by chemical analysis. Results show that the polyphenols of wine can intrude into the ceramics even through a pitch layer. Consequently, the absence of polyphenols in archaeological sherds is not due to their inability to reach the ceramic matrix under the pitch layer. By contrast, a pitch layer is quite effective to avoid oil intrusion into the ceramic matrix. Thus, it seems logical that oil amphorae would have been coated with pitch at the inside prior to use. Experiments in which the pitched ceramic was simultaneously exposed to oil and wine, show that the wine makes the pitch more permeable for the lipid compounds. These experimental data are confronted with residue analysis results obtained on amphorae fragments excavated in Sagalassos, Turkey. Pitch and oil were frequently found together. Based on a polyphenol test, indications for wine storage could only be obtained for two vessels. Against this background, the possible uses of the Sagalassos amphorae are discussed, and the traditional association of pine pitch with wine storage in archaeological amphorae is critically assessed. 相似文献
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Jonathan Golden 《Journal of World Prehistory》2009,22(3):283-300
Several decades after the discovery of the spectacular Nahal Mishmar Hoard (a collection of cast metal goods, some quite ornate, found in a cave high in the cliffs of the Judean Desert) many important questions about Chalcolithic metallurgy in the southern Levant remain unanswered. What is the origin of the materials used? Where were the final goods produced and what were the dynamics of production? In fact, new questions have also arisen as recent discoveries force us to reconsider previous interpretations of Chalcolithic metallurgy and the societies within which it evolved. Such will be the focus of this paper. 相似文献
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Luke A. Gliganic Zenobia Jacobs Richard G. Roberts 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2012,4(2):115-135
Mumba rockshelter is a key archaeological site for the Middle and Later Stone Age occupation of East Africa, but its chronology
has remained unresolved. We report the results of a dating study, focussing on the characterisation of the optically stimulated
luminescence (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) properties of quartz- and potassium-rich feldspar grains. Quartz
has previously proven troublesome for dating in East Africa. We identified five general types of quartz grain behaviour, based
on the shapes of their OSL decay and dose–response curves. Dose recovery experiments and measurement of the natural samples
revealed particular problems with quartz grains that had hyperbolic dose–response curves, low characteristic saturation doses
and anomalously large changes in sensitivity between regenerative-dose cycles. The use of pulsed irradiation during measurement
and standard and additional quality-assurance criteria during data analysis reduced the number of grains that suffered from
these problems. We applied these procedures to individual grains of quartz from eight samples and, using appropriate statistical
models, identified post-depositional mixing in three samples. The remaining samples had scattered equivalent-dose distributions
typical of quartz grains that had received variable beta dose rates during burial. Stratigraphically consistent OSL ages were
obtained for all but the deepest sample. Feldspar ages were estimated for the latter sample and three other samples, using
the elevated temperature IRSL signal that exhibited low rates of anomalous fading. Fading-corrected feldspar ages for the
latter three samples are consistent with their single-grain quartz ages, but single-grain dating is needed to address problems
of post-depositional mixing. 相似文献
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