中国历史时期考古的时代使命:霍巍教授访谈录

访问者(以下简称"访"):霍老师您好!很荣幸有机会向您采访。我们知道,您自从1978年考入四川大学考古系以来,已经在考古学界耕耘了四十余年,取得了很多成绩,尤其是在历史时期考古的领域,创获颇丰。而这四十年,中国考古学也发展得十分迅速,重大发现目不暇接,各项研究也都有所突破。那么在您看来,历史时期考古研究在这四十年间发展的如何?它目前在中国考古学的体系中。     

1953-1954年江苏基层普选中选举权审查的偏向与纠正

1953-1954年举行的第一次全国普选是人民代表大会制度建立的重要前提。作为全国普选的一个缩影,江苏基层普选是人民民主制度的重要实践。在试点阶段,江苏基层普选的选举权审查曾发生“左”的偏向,对此,江苏各级选举组织机构展开了有针对性的政策改进和纠偏,最终顺利完成普选。江苏对基层选举权的严格审查,既实现了人民内部最大范围的民主选举,彰显了党和政府实施民主选举的决心和能力,也进一步增强了人民群众的民主意识,推进了基层民主政治建设,具有重要的历史意义。     

The Question of "Why It Is in Henan" and the New Direction of Chinese Scientific and Technological Archaeology

The ritual institutionalization demonstrated in the bronze production at Erlitou and further developed during the Shang and Zhou periods that formed a distinctive feature of bronze civilizations. While exploring the path of the earliest state formation, we could consider why Erlitou was chosen from the unveiling of the Bronze Age in China. Much attention had been paid to archaeological, chronological, geographic, and climatic information in the existing studies, but the relationship between bronze metal resources and the formation of the Erlitou state needed more attention. Viewing the Erlitou culture as the earliest state form in China and thus exploring the path of formation of early states was a return to the original theme of archaeology.     

河南汝州宋赵廷美墓地考略

赵廷美为宋太祖赵匡胤四弟,被诬而死,宋真宗时改葬汝州梁县之新丰乡。本文对位于今汝州市陵头村的赵廷美墓地进行了初步考证,首先介绍了赵廷美其人与墓园现状,其次结合文献论述了赵廷美墓地在南宋时曾称作"南坟",最后探讨了赵廷美墓地祔葬的陪葬墓情况。目前已经在史料中查到的陪葬墓数量约80座,实际上这里祔葬的陪葬墓数量约达数百座之多。     

A New Method of Adaptive Zoning for Spatial Interaction Models

Spatial interaction models commonly use discrete zones to represent locations. The computational requirements of the models normally arise with the square of the number of zones or worse. For computationally intensive models, such as land use–transport interaction models and activity‐based models for city regions, this dependency of zone size is a long‐standing problem that has not disappeared even with increasing computation speed in PCs—it still forces modelers to compromise on the spatial resolution and extent of model coverage as well as on the rigor and depth of model‐based analysis. This article introduces a new type of discrete zone system, with the objective of reducing the time for estimating and applying spatial interaction models while maintaining their accuracy. The premise of the new system is that the appropriate size of destination zones depends on the distance to their origin zone: at short distances, spatial accuracy is important and destination zones must be small; at longer distances, knowing the precise location becomes less important and zones can be larger. The new method defines a specific zone map for every origin zone; each origin zone becomes the focus of its own map, surrounded by small zones nearby and large zones farther away. We present the theoretical formulation of the new method and test it with a model of commuting in England. The results of the new method are equivalent to those of the conventional model, despite reducing the number of zone pairs by 96% and the computation time by 70%. Los modelos de interacción espacial suelen utilizar zonas discretas para representar áreas o puntos de interés. Los requisitos computacionales de estos modelos normalmente aumentan a razón del número de zonas elevadas al cuadrado o más. Para modelos computacionalmente intensivos como los modelos de interacción entre uso de suelo y transporte y los modelos basados en actividades para ciudades‐región, el impacto del tamaño de la zona es un problema persistente no superado aun. Esta limitación persiste a pesar de los grandes avances en la velocidad de procesamiento en computadoras, pues obliga a los modeladores a hacer concesiones entre la resolución espacial y la extensión que abarca el modelo, así como en el rigor y profundidad del análisis. En este artículo se presenta un nuevo tipo de sistema de zonas discretas que: a) tienen como objetivo reducir el tiempo de estimación de la aplicación de modelos de interacción espacial; y b) al mismo tiempo mantienen su nivel de precisión. La premisa que gobierna este nuevo sistema es que el tamaño apropiado de las zonas de destino depende de la distancia a su zona de origen: a distancias cortas, la precisión espacial es importante y las zonas de destino deben ser pequeño; a distancias mas largas, conocer la ubicación precisa es progresivamente menos importante y las zonas pueden ser mayores. El nuevo método define un mapa específico de zonas para cada zona de origen; cada zona de origen se convierte en el foco de su propio mapa, rodeada de zonas cercanas pequeñas y zonas grandes a mayor distancia. El estudio presenta la formulación teórica del nuevo método y su demostración vía un modelo de desplazamientos residencia‐trabajo en Inglaterra. Los resultados del nuevo método son equivalentes a las del modelo convencional, a pesar de reducir del número de pares de zonas en un 96% y el tiempo de cálculo en un 70%. 空间相互作用模型通常采用离散区域代表区位。模型的计算量往往与区域数量呈平方甚至更高阶增长。对于可计算的精细模型,如土地利用‐交通相互作用模型和基于行为的城市区域模型,区域尺度的依赖性是长期存在的问题,即使计算机的计算速度增加,该问题仍无法消除。因此,建模者需在模型空间分辨率和覆盖范围以及模型分析的严谨性和深度上做出权衡。本文介绍了一种新型的离散分区系统,目的在于减少空间相互作用模型估算和计算时间,同时维持其精度。新系统的前提是目标区域的适当尺度取决于与初始区域的距离：在短距离范围内,空间精确性是重要的,且目标区域必须是小的;在更远距离上,位置精度的重要性降低,目标区域可以变大。该方法为每个初始区域制定了具体的尺度地图。每个初始区域成为其自身地图的中心,被近邻的小区域和更远距离的大区域所包围。本文给出了新方法的理论公式,并以英格兰地区的通勤模型进行检验。结果显示,尽管区域对的数量减少了96%,计算时间缩短了70%,但新方法的计算结果等效于常规模型。     

第二轮志书如何记述非公有制经济

在第二轮修志的上下限时段内,非公有制经济已遍及各行各业,需要记述的面较广。在已出版的第二轮志书中,通过设立篇目记述非公有制经济的志书有所增加,但记述的内容缺乏全面、系统、完整,缺乏记述深度,而且产生志书篇章之间的重复。由于操作上的难度,因此有的地方放弃了设专门篇章记述非公有制经济的做法。可是分散记述非公有制经济,又存在随意性较大等问题。《萧山市志》的实践是采取分散记述方法记述非公有制经济,把“事以类聚,类为一志”作为宏观谋篇的基本思路,以体制改革和对外开放为主线,全面展示萧山非公有制经济的历史与现状,使人感到萧山的非公有制经济是随着改革开放的逐步深入而不断发展,非公有制经济发展脉络清晰。     

Degenerative Joint Disease and Social Status in the Terminal Late Archaic Period (1000–500 b.c.) of Ohio

This research presents an analysis of the inferred Late Archaic social structure in Ohio based on degenerative joint disease (DJD, also known as osteoarthritis) and mortuary practices. We tested the hypothesis that mechanical loading involving physical activities is differentially distributed in a population along levels or types of social stratification. This hypothesis was investigated via statistical treatment of DJD as a skeletal stress marker of activity, its occurrence by age and sex, an association with grave goods, and spatial distribution in terminal Late Archaic cemeteries. The skeletal samples used in this study came from three cemeteries, the Boose, Kirian‐Treglia (KT), and Duff sites, dating to the Ohio terminal Late Archaic period. In general, the high overall prevalence of DJD in these people indicates that this population led a rigorous life. This study hypothesized that the burials in the Late Archaic period in Ohio might be socially patterned as evidenced from the unequal distribution of grave goods and skeletal variability in DJD. Nevertheless, the analyses suggest that there is no statistical association between DJD and mortuary practices including grave goods and burial location in a cemetery. As observed in numerous hunter–gatherer populations, the societies in our sample were also characterized by the absence of a marked social stratification. The results suggest that there were only ‘natural inequalities’ in Late Archaic societies due to biological factors, such as age and sex. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改革开放以来广佛都市区空间扩展分析

利用遥感和GIS技术对改革开放以来广佛都市区的空间扩展情况进行分析,从1982年的地形图、1995和2008年的遥感影像中提取城镇建设用地和路网数据,从扩展强度、方式和效率等方面对其扩展情况进行定性定量的测度分析,发现:其建设用地具有扩展强度大、速度快的特点,但土地利用方式不甚合理,具有一定的低度不连续开发现象和较显著的道路沿线开发特征;扩展效率不高,新增用地的集约化程度、人口承载力度和经济产出水平均低于原有用地水平。这种高速、低效和无序的扩展特征表明其快速发展存在蔓延倾向。     

延边地区朝鲜族消费者购买行为研究

不同地区、不同民族会有不同的消费观念,只有正确认识不同消费者的不同需求,才能更好地把握消费者的购买行为.本文通过考察消费者行为的影响因素、FCB Grid模式等理论背景,并在对居住在延边地区的朝鲜族消费者进行产品购买行为调查的基础上,提出了有针对性的建议,以便为面临激烈竞争的现代企业制定有效的营销策略提供借鉴.     

保和殿大木构架类型与特点

一．建筑概况与历史沿革 故宫保和殿与太和殿、中和殿合称三大殿,又称前三殿。三大殿座落在平面呈“土”字形的台明之上,是外朝的主体建筑。保和殿台基东西长49．76、南北宽24．97米,面阔九间,进深五间,殿高23．686米（台明下皮至正脊上皮）,建筑面积1242．51平方米。三样黄琉璃瓦重檐歇山顶。