Takeaway food,waste, and their geographies in workplaces

This article draws on empirical research to develop an understanding of the social and cultural geography of food and its waste in the workplace. Our aim is to contribute to the wider body of literature on everyday geographies of waste and wasting in relation to food, paying attention to the complex trajectories of the disposal of the waste produced by food consumption beyond the scale of the household. On that basis, the work explores the distinct ways in which the waste produced by takeaway food consumption is managed in workplaces and examines how food consumption and wasting manifest in relation to both workplace contexts and wider sociocultural and material factors in urban China. Such matters are still under‐researched there. Specifically, we identify the different conduits through which food and food packaging become waste in workplaces. Food is transformed into waste soon after it becomes surplus, whereas food packaging becomes waste through two conduits: the conventional way of binning and the alternative way of reusing.     

Land acquisition induced conflicts in suburban China: a procedural perspective

Protests and opposition to land acquisition from displaced peasants for fair compensation occur on a daily basis in China and have become the most prominent social problem in rural parts of the country. Employing a procedural perspective on conflict, this paper aims to uncover the complexities and tensions that are triggered in the process by drawing on a case of a land confiscation in Jining City, a medium‐size city in Shandong Province, China. Our research shows that conflicts exist at various scales: both between the local governments and rural households and between the village officials and villagers. The paper argues that ambiguity in de jure and de facto land acquisition procedures has resulted in both an escalation of conflict and increasing inequality in the outcomes and benefits of the process. We discuss and conclude that the differences between de jure and de facto procedures in the process of land acquisition are a significant institutional barrier in the resolution of conflict in this important issue for rural China.     

A quantitative study of the Ordovician cephalopod species Sinoceras chinense (Foord) and its palaeobiogeographic implications

FANG, X., ZHANG, Y., CHEN, T., &; ZHANG, Y., February 2017. A quantitative study of the Ordovician cephalopod species Sinoceras chinense (Foord) and its palaeobiogeographic Implications. Alcheringa 0, 000–000. ISSN 0311-5518.

Sinoceras chinense (Foord) is one of the most important and dominant cephalopods in lower Upper Ordovician deposits of China and has been used traditionally as an index species for the lower Katian of South China. Eight published subspecies, including some morphologically diverse forms, have been assigned to the species, and a taxonomic revision of Sinoceras chinense is required. Based on an examination of the 33 published specimens and 12 new specimens, the relationships of Sinoceras chinense and its allies are analysed using cluster analysis and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling. The results segregate these specimens into three discrete groups: (1) the Sinoceras chinense (Foord) Group; (2) the Sinoceras eccentrica (Yü) Group; and (3) non-Sinoceras chinense Group. Accordingly, we emend the diagnosis of Sinoceras chinense and exclude the specimens of the non-Sinoceras chinense Group. Based largely on this taxonomic redefinition and previously published occurrences of Sinoceras chinense, the palaeobiogeographical distribution of Sinoceras is reconstructed in the South China, North China, Tarim and Tibet. Based on the occurrences, ranges and phylogeny of this genus and its included species, we conclude that Sinoceras originated in South China in late Darriwilian, subsequently dispersed into neighbouring blocks in the Sandbian to the early Katian, and became entirely extinct abruptly in the early late Katian.

Xiang Fang^* [xfang@nigpas.ac.cn], Yunbai Zhang [ybzhang@nigpas.ac.cn], Tingen Chen [chenten40@126.com], Yuandong Zhang^? [ydzhang@nigpas.ac.cn], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China. ^*Also affiliated with: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China. ^?Also affiliated with: Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China. Received 2.6.2016; revised 15.9.2016.     

Secularization,sacralization and the reproduction of sacred space: exploring the industrial use of ancestral temples in rural Wenzhou,China

This paper offers a nuanced understanding of different social groups’ roles in the reproduction of sacred spaces. Drawing on the analysis of the transformation of sacred ancestral temples into private factories in rural Wenzhou, China, it problematizes the underlying division of ‘sacred’ and ‘secular’ actors and their opposite roles. It shows how lineage groups and factory owners, in spite of their distinctive social identities, work together and facilitate the secularization and sacralization of temple landscapes. On the one hand, both groups of people deploy discursive strategies and re-interpret the significance of ancestral temples and economic production, thereby rationalizing and prompting the conversion of temple spaces. On the other hand, traditional sacred temples are constantly reproduced through lineages’ ritual performances and factory owners’ worship and daily protection. As such, the roles of lineage communities and factory owners are diverse and change in specific contexts. This paper foregrounds the multiple and flexible agency of different social actors in relation to the production of the complex sacred–secular entanglement, and reflects on the changing traditional cultural landscape in rural China.     

The effects of ageing and urbanisation on China’s future rural and urban populations

This paper estimates China’s future population and labour force by developing a novel forecasting model for population. It combines information about age-specific parameters on fertility and mortality for both rural and urban areas using information about rural–urban migration and the transformation of rural areas into urban ones. This model takes into account the effects of urbanisation on changes in the age structure of the Chinese population; and provides separate projections on the rural and urban populations. Our findings show that (i) the shares of people aged 65 and over, in China’s rural and urban populations, will double between 2010 and 2030; this implies that the ageing problem in rural areas will continue to be more serious than in urban areas; (ii) the rural labour force will shrink by 45 per cent, between 2010 and 2030, while the urban labour force will grow by 34 per cent; and (iii) China’s urbanisation rate will increase to 71 per cent by 2030.     

理性与深度——20世纪以来的休谟研究述评

休谟作为苏格兰启蒙运动的领军人物之一,他的著作内容丰富、涉及面广、影响力大。自20世纪以来,对其著作的研究达到了前所未有的高度,从单纯对其哲学、历史学、政治经济学等著作的研究走向整体性研究,并很好地将其其他著作与哲学思想形成一种相互印证与相互关照的研究范式,从而更完整地理解休谟早期哲学著作与后期历史学、政治经济学、宗教著作的统一性。而从思想史角度对其著作的研究,尤其是对其影响最大的哲学、历史学等著作的考察成为理解休谟思想的关键和核心,也是我们从当今时代发展的特点来考察18世纪历史的重要切入点。整体而言,西方世界的休谟研究已趋成熟,而中国学界的研究则处于起步阶段,因此不断融入世界、加强学术交流是促进学术发展的重要一环。     

有巢氏传说综合研究——兼说中国史学的另一个传统

远古有巢氏,文献记载初见于《庄子》,汉唐学者多视之为历史人物,并且有所发挥。之后的学者,思考深入者则加以辨析或质疑,一般文人则接受之,甚者进行再发挥,典型的情况就是各地都有有巢氏的传闻与胜迹,形成内涵丰富的有巢文化现象,特别是在巢湖流域。有巢氏的提出,是早期学者对于远古时代的一个有价值的建构,符合历史发展的逻辑,为早期人们对于远古时代生活情形的理解与认识提供了帮助。有巢氏传说的演变还让我们认识到过去中国史学实际上有着两个传统,即一个是以儒家史学为代表的正史传统,它是中国史学的主体,史学史研究主要关注的是这一方面;中国还有一个以巫史、纬书、道书、野史等为代表的术士史学,传统史学史对此关注不多,但是它在民间的影响至巨,甚至在很大一部分知识分子中间也有市场,这是值得重视的。     

清宁宫--满族民居式的皇帝寝宫

沈阳故宫中的清宁宫是皇太极大内宫阙中轴线上的第四进院落中一正四厢五个寝宫中的中宫,位于高台院落的最北端,坐北朝南,是皇太极和皇后博尔济吉特氏的住所。沈阳故宫的清宁宫无论在院落形式,平面布局,室内空间的分隔与联系,还是外观形态、装饰特点,均体现了满族人的生活方式和审美习俗。但它同普通的满族民居相比尺度更大,用料更讲究,装饰更华丽,施工更精细,更具有皇家建筑的特点。     

风水现代化及其旅游开发意义

传统风水研究在二十世纪后半期逐渐被学者所认识,开始对其内涵和操作途径进行具体分析。风水现代化成为学者,甚至部分术士努力的研究方向。作为空间组织学的风水研究,形法要领可作新解,理法和日法是风水动态研究方向。风水从个例定点转向区域风水研究可以更有实践意义。风水的内涵分析必须以易经为根据,以象数法进行类推论证。区域旅游开发,不论导游说明,还是景点规划,若能注意与风水结合,可以更有旅游吸引力,甚至提高相应建筑的物业价值。     

人造旅游景观开发与利用研究

人造旅游景观建设是当前区域旅游开发的重点内容,木文系统分析了其利用过程中出现的主要问题,制定了人造旅游景观开发利用的五条基本原则,并就其具体实施提出了相应的建议。