蒙古历、藏历、汉历

蒙古历与藏历、汉历三者之间有直接或间接的复杂关系,这里仅就与蒙古历有关的几个具体问题进行讨论,谈及藏历、汉历的某些原理和方法,包括纪年法、纪月法、纪日法及日月食推算法等问题.     

甘肃合水县交脚菩萨像的形式来源

原存甘肃合水县太茂老村窟庙内的北魏时代的交脚菩萨像(砂岩,加彩,高96厘米,合水博物馆藏)笔者2000年与张宝玺先生一起曾考察过,印象颇深。菩萨头发为分绺式,上刻水波纹,冠饰已残,样式不明。宝缯如三角巾状飘垂于双耳侧。上身袒,胸部饱满,璎络交叉于腹前,身后的帔帛缠于臂部,下     

世界考古学展望

许多考古学家都期望,最终会有一种统一的世界考古学,那将是一门客观的、价值取向自由的学科。对他们而言,达不到这点就意味着未能取得科学实践的一种起码准则。我认为,这是对考古学现状与未来过于简单和错误的看法。一个多世纪以来,这个学科的某些方面已经有效地国际化了,但其他方面仍有很大差异。除非世界上消除了国别、阶级或性别的差异,这种差异似乎在可见的未来都不会缩小。     

URBAN NETWORKS AND GOVERNANCE IN CITY‐REGION PLANNING: STATE‐LED REGION BUILDING IN NANJING CITY‐REGION,CHINA

During the transition towards a more market‐oriented economy and entrepreneurial governance, local authorities have attempted to create new cross‐jurisdiction regional entities to enhance their competitiveness through making city‐region plans or regional strategic plans in China. This article analyses the process of region building in China through a case study of Nanjing city‐region. We argue that region building is a state‐led regional project in China, not a spontaneous process. City‐region planning has played a legitimacy‐seeking role in the construction of new regions. Based on the discourse provided by the city‐region plan, associated city networks are being created as a mechanism for plan implementation and regional coordination. This signals that regional planning is entering the stage of regional institution building. By assessing the capacity of regional institutions, we argue that the newly‐emerged regional institutions or urban networks have facilitated regionalization in terms of the increasing involvement of non‐state actors, the formation of regional coherence and identity and the enhanced inter‐city co‐operation. However, it is still difficult to establish effective regional governance due to competing local governments, the arbitrary political leadership and the fragmented planning functions.     

埃米莉·M·尤因斯的《辛亥家书》(下)

家书四 亲爱的家人们: 那天,拉滕伯里(Rattenbury)先生进来吃午饭时描述了当时的情况.他说:"天啊!这真是一团糟."确实如此,上周我们简直生活在恐怖之中,经历了这次事件,我觉得长大了许多.星期一(10月30日)和星期二(10月31日),事情看来有希望了.     

Multi-Isotope Investigations for Scientific Characterisation and Provenance Implication of Banded Travertines from Tripolis Antique City (Denizli–Turkey)

The coloured stones used in buildings and monuments were an indicator of power and wealth during the ancient times. In this study, Tripolis city samples have been compared with Tripolis quarry samples in order to recognise the provenance of the banded travertine blocks in the ancient city. The banded travertine samples have similar mineral compositions and mainly consist of calcite with minor amounts of dolomite, aragonite, clay and iron oxide minerals. These results are also supported by CRS studies. Calcite is in the form of needle-shaped crystals ranging between 0.163–1.418?mm (in city) and 0.303–1.270?mm (in quarry). Tripolis banded travertine samples show the similar compositional spread in terms of major oxide, trace elements. δ¹³C_V-PDB values of banded travertines range from 1.93 to 5.25‰ (in city) and 2.99 to 3.99‰ (in quarry), δ¹⁸O_V-PDB values change between (?16.93)–(?10.08) ‰ and (?15.93)–(?13.01)‰, respectively. The U–Th radiometric ages are determined between ～267 and 9?ka in Tripolis city samples and ～350 and 2?ka in Tripolis quarry samples. The minero-petrographic, geochemical, C–O and U–Th isotope results fairly matched with each other. It seems highly probable that the banded travertines in Tripolis city were extracted from the Tripolis quarry, which is located at the northeast of the antique city with a distance of 3?km.     

由秦俑二号坑形制所引起的思考

本文通过对二号俑坑建筑形制的分析,认为:二号俑坑的门道有11条,但作用各不相同,其中6、7号门道使用时间较短,这可能与俑坑内东西向的格局有关。开间分为放置有俑的廊道和不放置俑马,仅起通道作用,用完后用夯土填实二种。第4过洞的形制与其周围的过洞形制不同,其埋藏的内涵可能也不同。第9过洞与第10、第11过洞用纵木隔开,互不相通。把它们作为一个军事单元的推断仍需要推敲。二号俑坑的互不相通的格局与其焚毁情况较轻的状况也应该有很大的联系。     

20世纪五六十年代中国国防工业优先发展研究

新中国成立之初,受近代中国屡遭列强欺凌影响,同时基于国家安全与统一的现实考量,党和政府把大力发展国防工业作为工业化建设的重要内容。围绕建立独立、完整国防工业体系的目标,确立立足国内开发和生产武器的产业政策,集中规划,统一管理;重视技术引进、吸收和自主创新;并确定重点领域,加速尖端武器的研制、生产。同时,以"两弹一星"精神为核心的军工文化提供了巨大的精神动力和激励作用,有助于国防科技自主创新能力的培育。新中国在短时间内建立起比较完备的国防工业体系,基本实现全部常规武器的进口替代,并在尖端武器领域实现重大突破。不论纵向比较还是横向比较,这一阶段新中国国防工业都呈现快速发展的态势。     

淮南交子与南宋两淮地区的财政运作——兼与东南会子比较

已有研究常将多种南宋纸币视为性质接近的货币,但不同南宋纸币因财政运作的塑造却存在性质和功能上的差异.以两淮地区为例,淮南交子看似是当地的区域性纸币,却始终作为推行铁钱化政策、调节铁钱数量的财政工具,在盐榷、军俸等财政活动和民间交易中受限,不具有完整的货币流通职能.全国性纸币东南会子更深入地参与两淮货币流通,其重要性随着南宋后期财政、军事状况的变化而与日俱增.区域性纸币与全国性纸币的差异并非仅在于流通范围和数量等表象,更本质的区别由其在财政运作中的角色所决定.