La Jicarilla

La Jicarilla was a distinct sub-region of eastern Apacheria, that seemingly limitless area northeast of early 18th century New Mexico in which various, usually friendly, Apaches lived. It was probably named after one or more of the igneous landforms found in northeastern New Mexico and was situated on the western Great Plains, adjacent to the Rocky Mountains. It was also situated astride the "Taos Trail" the most important transmountain road in northeastern New Mexico, and was of substantial strategic importance to the Spaniards of New Mexico. As Comanche, Ute and French pressure mounted in northeastern New Mexico, both the Spaniards of New Mexico and the Apaches of La Jicarilla saw advantages in the annexation of La Jicarilla by New Mexico and the placement of a presidio, mission and pueblo(s) there. Plans for these settlements were made, but before they could be implemented attitudes and priorities changed and they were never established. Instead, with decreased New Mexican concern for northeastern frontier defenses, the Apaches of eastern Apacheria were displaced by the Comanches, and La Jicarilla as an Apache settlement region ceased to exist. The use of "La Jicarilla" as a place name continued until the late 18th century.     

Book Notes

Abramovitz, Mimi. 1988. Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy From Colonial Times to the Present
Bingham, Richard D., Roy E. Green, and Sammis B. White (eds.). 1987. The Homeless in Contemporary Society
Bogen, Elizabeth. 1987. Immigration in New York
Bowie, Norman E. (ed.). 1988. Equal Opportunity
Bryner, Gary C. 1987. Bureaucratic Discretion: Law and Policy in Federal Regulatory Agencies
Comfort, Louise K. (ed.) 1988. Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives
Cook, Brian J. 1988. Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform: The EPA and Emissions Trading
Cooper, Phillip J. 1988. Hard Judicial Choices: Federal District Judges and State and Local Officials
Culyer, A.J. and Bengt Jonsson (eds.). 1988. Public and Private Health Services
Danziger, Sheldon H. and Kent E. Portney (eds.). 1988. The Distributional Impacts of Public Policies
Davis, Charles E. and James P. Lester (eds.). 1988. Dimensions of Hazardous Waste Politics and Policy
Fagerhaugh, Shizuko Y., Anselm Strauss, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn L. Wiener. 1987. Hazards in Hospital Care: Ensuring Patient Safety
Forsythe, David P. 1988. Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Congress Reconsidered
Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. 1988. Rethinking Rental Housing
Hahn, Harlan and Sheldon Kamieniecki. 1987. Referendum Voting: Social Status and Policy Preferences
Kelly, Rita Mae (ed.). 1988. Promoting Productivity in the Public Sector: Problems, Strategies, and Prospects
Kelly, Rita Mae and Jane Bayes (eds.). 1988. Comparable Worth, Pay Equity, and Public Policy
Plowden, William. 1987. Advising the Rulers
Roessner, J. David. 1988. Government Innovation Policy: Design, Implementation, Evaluation
Weidenbaum, Murray and Kenneth Chilton (eds.). 1988. Public Policy Toward Corporate Takeovers     

The Implications of Analytic Philosophy of History for the Practicing Historian

An article by John O'Hagan and Elish Kelly in 2005 (see Historical Methods 38:118-25) discussed collecting information on visual artists that would allow a broad historical ranking based on "prominence." O'Hagan and Kelly collected these data to examine prominent artists' birth locations, work locations, and their consequential patterns of labor movement during several long periods. In this article, the authors examine artists' migration for four periods (based on their date of birth): Renaissance Italy, Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century, and the Western world in general for the periods 1850-99 and 1900-49. The data show that important artists clustered in all periods at a remarkably high level. Florence and Rome dominated in Renaissance Italy, with significant clustering because of the artists' birthplaces and domestic migration. Paris and London witnessed a marked clustering of artists born in the first half of the nineteenth century, with Paris continuing to dominate among artists born in the second half of the nineteenth century. Artists born in the first half of the twentieth century clustered in New York City, with all prominent American artists clustering there.     

The Spatial Extent of Criminogenic Places: A Changepoint Regression of Violence around Bars

Crime scientists have long known that crime clusters near certain places such as drinking establishments, although the spatial parameters of that clustering are less established. This article proposes a methodology to estimate a distance beyond which there is significantly less evidence of a correlation between locations and concentrations of crime. The technique uses changepoints derived from a segmented regression applied to spatial buffers emanating from around particular crime‐generating land uses. Geographic information system techniques are used to create a series of buffers to determine the density of crime around sites. A changepoint Poisson regression of the buffer midpoints is used to estimate the distance beyond which crime densities do not appear to decline significantly with increasing distance. A case study of violent crime around 1,282 bars in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for 2008 reveals that violence is highly clustered within 25.9 m (85 feet) then dissipates rapidly, a pattern that is not replicated using control sites (fire stations). This is an estimate of the spatial extent of violence around bars, and the technique could be used to estimate the extent of other crimes around a variety of crime‐generating locations. Expertos en el estudio del crimen saben desde hace tiempo que los delitos violentos se concentran cerca de algunos lugares tales como establecimientos de bebidas, aunque los parámetros espaciales de dichas aglomeraciones son menos conocidos. Este artículo propone una metodología para estimar la distancia máxima a partir de la cual hay significativamente menos evidencia de una correlación entre puntos de interés y las aglomeraciones de crimen. La técnica empleada utiliza puntos de cambio (changepoints) derivados de una regresión segmentada (segmented regression) aplicada a las zonas de amortiguamiento (buffers) generadas en torno a usos del suelo particulares asociados a delincuencia. Técnicas SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica) son utilizadas para crear una serie de buffers y determinar la densidad de delitos en torno a la ubicación de cada establecimiento (bar). Una regresión Poisson de tipo changepoint de los puntos medios de los buffers es empleada para estimar la distancia a partir de la cual las densidades del crimen no disminuyen significativamente con la distancia. Un estudio de caso de los delitos violentos en torno a 1.282 bares en Filadelfia, Pennsylvania en 2008 revela que la violencia está muy concentrada dentro de un radio de 25.9 m (85 pies) y luego se disipa rápidamente, un patrón que no se replica cuando el análisis es aplicado a sitios de control (estaciones de bomberos). El resultado es una estimación de la extensión espacial de la violencia alrededor de bares y la conclusión que la técnica podría ser utilizada para estimar la extensión de otros delitos en torno a una gran variedad de lugares asociados con la generación de la delincuencia. 犯罪学家早已明晰犯罪集聚于某些特定区域（如酒吧）的周围,尽管较少地构建这类聚集的空间参数。本文提出了一种方法可估算在一定距离之外,区位与犯罪集聚程度间相关性呈显著减少的证据。将从分段回归中获得的变异点应用于犯罪发生地的空间缓冲区。地理信息系统（GIS）技术用于产生一系列缓冲区以确定地点周围的犯罪密度。缓冲区中点的变异点泊松回归用于估算超出犯罪密度区不呈现随距离增加而显著衰退的距离。本文以宾夕法尼亚州费城1282个酒吧周围暴力犯罪为案例进行研究,揭示出2008年暴力犯罪集聚于25.9m的范围内,并在该距离之外的迅速消失,而当控制点选为消防站时该格局不再出现。实验表明,这是一种估算酒吧暴力犯罪空间范围的方法,并且该技术可用于估算不同类型犯罪产生地的距离范围。