Émergence, Migrations et Routinisation du Pourcentage dans les Sciences du Politique (XVIIe–XIXe Siècles)

This article explores the paths through which percentage imposed itself in the political sciences. At first used in the financial domain, percentage is incorporated in 1662 by Graunt in the field of studies of mortality; in the beginning of the 19^th century it migrates towards studies in population growth, then it migrates to other territories to become a tool of general application. Each migration enters the framework of a new problematic: “the birth of mortality” in one case; “the birth of population” in the other. The recourse to percentages thus appears as one of the elements in the foundation of statistical objectivism.     

Caractéristiques Physico-Chimiques De L'Eau Potable et la Mortalité Ischémique Du Cœeur: Application Aux Municipalités Des Cantons De L'est (Québec)

L'auteur montre que contrairement aux études dans ce domaine la dureté totale de l'eau potable ne semble pas influencer la mortalité ischémique du cœeur. Cette relation est examinée selon que la localisation géographique des municipalités des Cantons de l'Est ob-servées se trouve sur un gîte calcaire, selon l'origine de I'approvisionnement en eau potable. Les résultats montrent que les composantes physico-chimiques telles que le calcium et le magnésium peuvent dans des cas précis étre déterminants. L'emploi de données socio-économiques (l'âge du logement, le revenu, par exemple) apparaît plus probant.
Contrary to the results of other studies, the total hardness of drinking water does not seem to influence the death rate from ischaemic heart trouble in the Eastern Townships. This conclusion is based on an analysis of mortality rates in relation to the origin of domestic water supplies and location on sources of calcium. Although the results show that the physico-chemical components, such as calcium or magnesium, can be determined in certain cases, socio-economic variables, such as housing age or income, seem more significant.     

Pb and Sr Isotopes and the Provenance of the Painting Materials of Cornelius Krieghoff in 19th‐Century Canada

Radiogenic lead and strontium isotope data are presented for lead‐ and calcium carbonate/barium sulphate‐containing paint and ground samples from 15 paintings, executed between 1844 and 1871, by 19th‐century Canadian artist Cornelius Krieghoff. Like many artists of this era, Krieghoff used lead‐based pigments such as lead white, chrome yellow and Naples yellow, and extenders such as calcium carbonate and barium sulphate. The lead isotope analyses of the majority of these pigments are consistent with the isotopic compositions of lead mined from European lead deposits in England and/or Germany. However, three samples from Krieghoff's early career yield lead isotope compositions that are much more radiogenic than European sources. The lead isotope compositions of these three samples are consistent with the addition of a more radiogenic lead component that is similar to the lead derived from North American lead deposits in Missouri and Illinois (Mississippi Valley Pb–Zn type deposits). The strontium isotope compositions of the extenders suggest that the raw materials for calcium carbonate or barium sulphate extenders were largely derived from Palaeozoic to modern‐day marine environments. This study shows that pigments manufactured from North American lead were being incorporated into Canadian paintings as early as 1844.     

Oceanic palaeoenvironment of the Miocene Fyansford Formation from Fossil Beach,near Mornington,Victoria, interpreted on the basis of Ostracoda

Study of an ostracode assemblage from the Miocene Fyansford Formation near Mornington allows determination of the principal characteristics of the hydrologic environment at that time.

Palaeodepth was upper epibathyal (about 150–250 m). The oxygen minimum zone mostly was weakly demarcated at about O₂ 5 ml/l. Productivity was good and the benthic ostracode microfauna was rich and varied. Occasionally, a sudden and strong increase in productivity occurred which correlated to a rapid and well marked increase in the oxygen minimum zone. Physico-chemical factors, which developed following bacterial breakdown of organic matter that had accumulated on the bottom, are reflected in Bradleya shells by distinct signs of aggradation/degradation. A few allochthonous forms from the nearby continental shelf were transported downwards onto this part of the upper slope. Bottom currents contributed (by furrowing) to the formation of calcareous ‘hard grounds’.

Bradleya morningtonensis n.sp. is described as new.