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991.
R. Gillis I. Carrre M. Saa Seguí G. Radi J‐D. Vigne 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2016,26(2):303-313
The North‐Western Mediterranean witnessed a rapid expansion of farmers and their livestock during the Early Neolithic period. Depending on the region, cattle played a more or less important role in these communities; however how these animals were exploited for their milk is not clear. Here we investigate calf mortality to determine indirectly whether cattle dairying was practised by Early Neolithic stock herders. Age‐at‐death (AtD) frequencies for calves from two sites: Trasano (Italy, Impressa culture: 7–6th millennium BC) and La Draga (Spain, Cardial culture: 6th millennium BC) were estimated from dental eruption and development stages, and measurements of un‐fused post‐cranial material. Adult age classes are well represented in the dental AtD frequencies and were interpreted as the result of the slaughter of prime beef and retired lactating females. For calves aged less than 12 months, there was no statistical difference in the AtD frequencies based on dental and post‐cranial material indicating that the data is a good representation of the mortality patterns of calves, either natural or deliberate. At both sites there was a strong mortality peak at 3–6 months in all AtD profiles. At La Draga, this peak was clearly differentiated from a peak at 0–1 month, which can be interpreted neonatal mortality possible a consequence of the birthing season coinciding with the end of winter during more humid climatic conditions that at present. The deliberate slaughter peak around 3–6 months is discussed, and we propose that stock herders controlled the mortality of infant classes, possibly in response to variable external environment pressures while maintaining animal productivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
S. Xing D. Guatelli‐Steinberg M. O'Hara J. Li P. Wei W. Liu X. Wu 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2016,26(6):935-946
Dental pathologies and enamel defects in East Asian hominins have rarely been reported. Here, we systematically document and describe a suite of enamel defects in the Xujiayao juvenile maxilla, an East Asian hominin from the early Late Pleistocene that may represent an unknown hominin lineage. In addition, we determine the chronology of growth disruptions represented by matched linear enamel hypoplasias, evaluate the long‐held hypothesis that the large brownish pit on the I1 is evidence of dental fluorosis and assess the utility of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) techniques in analyzing enamel defects. With the use of binocular microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro‐CT imaging techniques, the Xujiayao teeth were found to exhibit a high number of pit‐form defects seldom seen in the fossil record. By matching the timing of linear enamel hyperplasia across multiple teeth, a minimum of five developmental disruptions were identified, indicating that the Xujiayao juvenile experienced several growth disturbances during its short lifespan. Our SEM and micro‐CT analyses suggest that the large pit on the I1 is an enamel hypoplasia due to its morphology and pre‐eruptive enamel thinning. It is not a post‐eruptive fluorotic pit, and there is no evidence of chalkiness or opacity associated with dental fluorosis. The micro‐CT technique made it possible to verify the presence of enamel hypoplasia and to more precisely quantify defect dimensions, especially in unerupted teeth and shallow hypoplasias that are difficult to detect by binocular microscopy or SEM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
993.
J. Tomczyk P. Palczewski H. Ma&#x;kowska‐Pliszka T. P&#x;oszaj K. J&#x;drychowska‐Da&#x;ska H. W. Witas 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2016,26(3):549-554
In this report, we describe the first potential case of hereditary anaemia from the Middle Euphrates valley (Syria). The skeletal changes identified in the studied specimen were consistent with marrow hyperplasia, and the distribution, especially the involvement of the facial bones, the sternum and ribs, was suggestive of thalassemia. The identified haplotype indicates M4b1 haplogroup suggesting that the analysed specimen was either a newcomer from Asia or a descendent of Asian origin in the maternal line, most likely from the Indian Peninsula where characteristic mutations of mtDNA can be identified today. The genetic data might explain a case of thalassemia in the Syrian lower Euphrates valley. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
994.
995.
José Gómez‐Zotano Jorge Alcántara‐Manzanares Emilio Martínez‐Ibarra José Antonio Olmedo‐Cobo 《Geographical Research》2016,54(4):461-470
This paper proposes an empirical climate classification method based on the application of multivariate statistics. In this method, the technique of supervised and unsupervised image classification is used to classify the data and define climatic units. envi software is used to perform the image classification, specifically, the Iterative Self‐Organizing Data Analysis Technique algorithm. Supervised classification is also applied based on reference variables, fundamental parameters and a classifier. The obtained results display greater objectivity, reliability, operability, accessibility and reproducibility than previous climate classifications devised for the region of Andalusia (Spain), taking into account that these previous classifications were not based on quantitative criteria. 相似文献
996.
HELEN STUHR‐ROMMEREIM 《Russian Review》2021,80(1):100-121
Nineteenth‐century Russian representations of peasants largely reflect, as Donald Fanger plainly framed it, “the changing moods and attitudes of the most influential segment of educated society,” and inform us about that society, rather than peasants themselves. There were, however, both subjects of literature and writers of it who fell between the polls of peasant and elite. Fedor Reshetnikov, the orphaned son of a postman, was such a writer, and his 1868 novel concerning ex‐peasants' rural to urban migration, Where Is It Better? (Gde luchshe?) diverges from and critiques the expectations of its audience of educated readers. Populist‐leaning critics and editors, seeking literary access to the landed peasantry, hoped that Reshetnikov would be uniquely able to bridge the distance between these educated readers and the masses. While Nikolai Nekrasov's Who Lives Well in Rus'? (1866–77) incorporates memory of Reshetnikov into a composite, symbolic character who carries out this mediating role, the author himself did not provide the mediation that was expected. Where Is It Better? instead dramatizes the failure of ex‐peasant characters to integrate into urban society. Published in the midst of debates over how to prevent the formation of an urban proletariat in Russia, Where Is It Better? makes visible a contingent of the population that political and aesthetic discussions treated as something that should not be given form. In doing so, Reshetnikov does not present a viewpoint from outside of the terms described by Fanger, but rather apprehends the limitations imposed by those terms. 相似文献
997.
Philippe Le Billon Manoj Suji Jeevan Baniya Bina Limbu Dinesh Paudel Katharine Rankin Nabin Rawal Sara Shneiderman 《Development and change》2020,51(4):939-969
The political economy literature on post-disaster reconstruction tends to contrast ‘disaster capitalism’ narratives denouncing the predatory character of neoliberal rebuilding, and ‘building back better’ policies supporting market-driven reconstruction. This article seeks to provide a more nuanced account, developing the concept of ‘disaster financialization’ through a case study of household-level changes experienced through processes of post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal. The concept of disaster financialization describes not only the integration of disaster-affected households into the cash-based logic of reconstruction instituted by donors and government authorities, but also the financialization of their lives, social relations and subjectivities. It is a transitive process involving a shift into financialized mechanisms of disaster prevention, adaptation and recovery. Analysing contrasting experiences across three earthquake-affected districts in Nepal, this study proposes disaster financialization as an integrative term through which to understand the simultaneous acceleration of monetization, the leveraging of cash incentives by donors and government to ‘build back better’, and the flurry of financial transactions associated with reconstruction processes. While some aspects of disaster financialization have had negative social impacts, such as debt-related anxieties and a breakdown of voluntary labour exchanges hurting the most vulnerable, the process has taken on variegated forms, with equally variegated effects, reflecting household characteristics and interactions with financial institutions. 相似文献
998.
Philippe Buc 《Journal of Medieval History》2020,46(2):217-230
ABSTRACTKonstantin Mihailovi?, a Serb born in Novo Brdo, was taken by the Ottomans and became a janissary in Mehmet II’s army. After he returned to the Christian side, he penned a report on Ottoman governance, religion, military structures and tactics. It explained by organisational advantages, fairness to subjects of all faiths coupled with deceit vis-à-vis enemies, divisions within Christendom, and providential history’s retributive measures, why the ‘heathen’ had the upper hand. But the author, Konstantin, remained discreet. Autobiographical details on his years as a janissary are scarce. He had risen high in the Ottoman system. While conveying his expertise about the enemy to Christian courts was his key to a further career, he also had to conceal that he had been an important member of the janissary corps, and probably had converted to Islam. The first imperative, sharing expertise, complicated the second, self-silencing, and made it impossible to dissimulate fully. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Jacek Tomczyk Anna Myszka Piotr Regulski Dorota Olczak‐Kowalczyk 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2020,30(3):375-381
The present study will focus on the analysis of pulp stones and dental wear of an adult (26–30 years old) individual from Woźna Wieś, dated from the Mesolithic period (5900 ± 100 BC ). The dental material included 14 permanent teeth. Cone beam computed tomography was used in the identification of pulp stones. Pulp stones were classified by location and volume. The scores for mechanical dental wear were based on the scales proposed by Smith and Scott. The anterior teeth showed an advanced stage of mechanical dental wear. The first molars exhibit higher wear scores than the second and third molars. The pulp stones were diagnosed in 10 teeth (10/14, 71%). Generally, these calcified structures were found in the pulp chamber (10/14, 71%). The relationship between the stages of dental wear and the presence of pulp stones turned out to be statistically significant (p = .012). The correlation coefficients between tooth wear and pulp stones in the pulp chambers and root canals were .434 and .327, respectively. The pulp stones occur most frequently on the teeth with advanced dental wear. However, we also cannot rule out the dietary factor. It can be supposed that this individual's diet did not lack products with high calcium content. 相似文献