Landowners and urban development: the Ramsden Estate and nineteenth-century Huddersfield

Decisions taken by a dominant landowner had different effects at different times on the changing housing market in Huddersfield. During the early stages of urban growth the Ramsden Estate held a virtual monopoly in land, but failed to exercise its power to control building. Corruption by local agents led to the establishment of tenancy at will, an unusual system of land tenure, which encouraged the development of a very small-scale building industry. Changes in ownership in the 1840s were followed by stiff measures to control the character of building including the prohibition of back-to-back houses. By the second half of the century, competition between landowners increased and the Ramsden Estate was unable to attract large numbers of builders, forcing it eventually to provide land on terms they dictated.     

Llamas and Alpacas: Pre-conquest breeds and post-conquest hybrids

Comparison of pre-conquest and contemporary Andean llama and alpaca phenotypes suggests that a breakdown in specialized breeding took place after European contact which led to the disappearance of fine fibre producing alpaca and llama breeds. The causes of this loss ultimately lie in the decimation of native Andean herds and herders during the Spanish conquest. The heterogeneous characteristics of today's animals can be attributed to extensive hybridization and a possible genetic bottle neck during the 16th century.     

Developmental cycles and commodity production in Africa

Okali, Christine. Cocoa and Kinship in Ghana: The Matrilineal Akan of Ghana. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983. xi+ 179 pp. including appendices and references. $15.00 paper.     

VALUES DUALISM AND SOCIAL POLICY AFFECTING THE ELDERLY*

The impact of American values on social policy for and affecting older people is a little explored and complex area. A conceptual framework is developed which reveals the dual and often contradictory nature of the American value system. This framework sets forth the interrelationships of fundamental value-laden issues such as adequacy/equity, work/leisure and religious/secular.     

Adult and juvenile aurochs, Bos primigenius Boj. from the maglemosian site of ulkestrup lyng Øst,Denmark

Bones of adult and juvenile aurochs (Bos primigenius Boj.) from the refuse of a Mesolithic settlement, Ulkestrup Lyng Øst (c. 6090 BC), are examined. The problem of estimating the ontogenetic age of the younger animals is dealt with in order to establish the time of the year at which they were killed and thereby the possible season of hunting.The age-determination is mainly based on tooth-wear, which is discussed in its relationship to physiological changes in the stomach, that are correlated with the dietary changes from milk to solid food. The subfossil mandibles are compared with modern material from domestic calves and with other Danish subfossil calves' mandibles.     

Some food offerings from Ur,excavated by sir leonard woolley,and previously unpublished

As a result of excavations at Ur by Woolley (1923–1934) food debris was recovered and is now reported on. Plant remains include chickpea, six-row barley, wheat, pea, dates, perforated crab apple rings and possible flat bread. Of special interest are the chickpeas which are among the earliest found in lowland Mesopotamia and the crab apple rings which have not been found before in ancient deposits in the Near East. Of the mammals, caprovids seem to have been most important as food offerings. The occurrence of tunny fish vertebrae was unexpected.The preliminary analysis of some inorganic residues is so far inconclusive although it is possible that one of the residues may originally have contained salt.