X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) was used in the analysis of A horizon soil samples collected from a former farming
settlement and its associated area of infield (i.e. arable) located in the Central Highlands of Scotland. To date, XRFS has not been extensively used in geoarchaeological research,
but in our study the simultaneous multi-element capabilities of this instrumental technique allowed the total concentrations
of 25 major, minor, and trace elements to be fully quantified with acceptable levels of accuracy and precision. Included within
this group of chemical elements are a number (e.g. Ba, Ca, P, Pb, Sr and Zn) that have proved to be of value to archaeological interpretation in earlier investigations undertaken
in Scotland. In our preliminary work documented here, significant differences were found between the A horizon soils of former
settlement and infield areas for 18 chemical elements. Subjecting the XRFS data—and three other measured variables: soil organic
carbon (SOC), pH and A horizon depth—to discriminant analysis indicates that soils of former settlement and arable farming
can be effectively classified according to their pH, SOC content and Ca, Cu, Mg, Rb, and Zn concentrations. The inference
is that areas of former infield and settlement elsewhere at this study location in the Central Highlands may be able to be
identified according to their soil chemical composition and use of discriminant function, even though the surface remains
of pre-eighteenth century settlement sites are not readily evident today because they were constructed of perishable materials. 相似文献
Eight human interments were excavated in the 1990s beneath the Acropolis at the Classic Maya site of Copan in Honduras, which was the capital of a Maya kingdom from ca. AD 400 to 800. These human remains come from both royal tombs and less elaborate burials dating to the early part of this period and lie deep in the accumulated architectural layers of the Acropolis. We present a brief summary of the context, contents, and external links represented by these interments. Several lines of evidence point to connections between early Copan and Teotihuacan in the Central Highlands of Mexico, and Tikal in the central Maya lowlands of the Petén in Guatemala. 相似文献
This paper presents the results of a multi-isotopic (oxygen, strontium, carbon and nitrogen isotopes) investigation of population and dietary diversity in Roman Gloucester, focusing on individuals found in a late 2nd century AD mass burial pit at London Road, and comparing them to those found in the nearby cemetery. There were no statistical differences in isotopic composition between mass grave and cemetery burials, suggesting, in agreement with the osteological evidence, that the mass burial was the result of a catastrophic event, probably an epidemic disease. Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis demonstrated considerable diversity in the origins of the Gloucester population, with evidence for both UK and non-UK individuals. Diet was predominately terrestrial and similar to that of other Romano-British populations. Elevated δ13Cdentine ratios in some individuals are correlated with raised δ18Op values and are therefore probably due to childhoods spent in warmer climates, rather than dietary variation. 相似文献
A review of the publications of Hans Creutzfeldt and Alfons Jakob pertaining to the concept which bears their name (CJD) reveals that they described a neuropathological syndrome and were opposed to its classification as a neurological disease. The evidence on which Creutzfeldt and Jakob based their view is reevaluated, and studies by other workers are cited in which a range of environmental and genetic factors generated the CJ syndrome, challenging the proposition that CJD is a disease with a single cause. 相似文献
Themes in medieval history—Aspects de l'histoire du moyen âge
Dianne WATT ed.,Medieval Women intheirCommunitiesUniversity of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1997 ISBN 0–7083–1369–8(Hardback) £30.00 ISBN 0–7083–1361–2(paperback) £14.95.
Chris GIVEN‐WILSON ed.,An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England,Manchester University Press, Manchester 1996 xi + 292 pp. ISBN 0–7190–4152‐X £35.00
Themes in Eighteenth‐Century History—Aspects de l'histoire du dix‐huitième siècle
Jeremy BLACK ed., An Illustrated History of Eighteenth‐Century Britain 1688–1793 Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1996, xv + 244 pp. ISBN 0–7190–4267–4. £25.00.
Jeremy BLACK ed.,Culture and Society in Britain 1660–1800 Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1997, viii + 199 pp. ISBN 0–7190–4947–4. £35.00.
Themes in Russian History—Aspects de l'histoire Russe
Lionel KOCHAN and John KEEP,The Making of Modern Russia: From Kiev Rus’ to the Collapse of the Soviet Union,Third Edn., Penguin, London, 1997, xii + 603 p., ISBN 0–14–015715–8. £9.99.
Wendy R. SALMOND,Arts and Crafts in Imperial Russia: Reviving the Kustar Art Industries, 1870–1917,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, xv + 270p., ill., ISBN 0–521–41576–4 £50.00.
Morgan Philips PRICE,Dispatches from the Revolution: Russia 1916–1918,Pluto Press, London, 1997, xii + 181 p., ISBN 0–7453–1210–1 £30.00.
John Lewis GADDIS,We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997, x + 425p., ISBN 0–19–878070–2 £25.00.相似文献
In recent years employee ownership has become a means by which some workers facing privatization, closure or takeover have attempted to defend their jobs and communities. Proponents of a 'stakeholding' society have advocated the widening of share ownership as a means of democratizing the economy, building partnerships and achieving consensus at work. But is employee ownership able to sustain local investment and industrial partnership? Through a detailed case study of a management and employee buyout in the railway industry, I suggest that the ability of employee ownership to fix investment in place may be enhanced by relations of 'stakeholding', increasing employee commitment to the firm and its future. In the case studied here, however, lack of employee power and finance effectively excluded most workers from the processes and philosophy of the buyout. The new ownership structure did little to reshape local relations between workers and those in control. While ownership cannot eradicate economic threats to community, it might, if used as a mechanism to promote new styles of management and employee commitment, foster long-term success. It is argued that government and trade unions can do more to promote wider employee ownership and participation at work in the future. 相似文献
This paper explores the theory and practice of community unionism. It is now widely argued that if trade unions are to reach employees in small workplaces, those on part-time or temporary contracts, and women, black and ethnic minority workers, they need to sustain alliances beyond the walls of the workplace. Increasing the scale of political mobilization in this way can help secure trade union organization amongst new groups of workers while giving unions the power to raise questions of economic and social justice at a wider scale. After summarizing current developments in North America, the paper focuses on the situation in the UK in more detail. By highlighting the pioneering community unionism of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC) and Battersea and Wandsworth Trades Union Council (BWTUC), the paper explores the implications of community unionism for the future of trade unionism in the UK. 相似文献