绅士无以救时:咸丰六年清廷推行团练"任官督率"的背景与意蕴

咸丰三年后京内外官员对于团练效果的激烈批评使得实际承担办团使命的钦派在籍绅士承受了无以救时的沉重压力.在咸丰六年镇压太平天国的军事行动严重受挫的背景下,急于改善团练效果的清廷从相对易于调整和见效的"治法"入手,尝试在10个形势紧要省份推行团练"任官督率"方案,以期收回从地方官员转移至钦派绅士的团练控制权.然而,十省督抚对"任官督率"方案的变通和迁延表明,尽管此前数年对钦派绅士多有不满,责重事繁的"办理团练"事宜务须统合官绅之力仍属共识.咸丰六年的"任官督率"尝试是嘉庆年间首次广泛兴办团练以来清廷从"顶层设计"上探索社会动员策略过程中的重要节点.揭示其背景和意蕴,不仅有助于进一步认识咸同时期团练的作用与角色,亦可加深对于晚清时期的官绅关系和国家如何实现社会动员的理解.     

Characterization of archaeological lime mortars in a Ming dynasty tomb: A multi-analytical approach

Lime mortars have played an important role in constructing ancient Chinese masonry structures, including city walls, buildings, and tombs. A tomb built with lime mortars and stones belonging a Ming high-ranking official, Xu Jie, was discovered in Huzhou City of China. Eight different samples from Xu Jie’s tomb, representing four types of lime-mortar-based materials: joint mortar between stone bricks, bedding mortar, grouting mortar, and plaster mortars were collected for analysis and comparison. The characterization of the construction materials has therefore become of primary importance. The function of each mortar was reported and studies into the micro-textural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi-analytical approach. The joint mortars were all found to be aerial lime mortars with predominately lime. The bedding mortar was found to consist of lime, soil and sand, typical of a tabia mortar. The grouting mortar was found to consist of lime and ground contact metamorphosed limestone. Analysis of plaster sample taken from the roof of the main tomb identified the presence of calcium stearate/palmitate, indicating the usage of plant-based tung oil as an additive. The analytical results will promote our understanding of Ming architectural technology and craftsmanship, and provide critical information for the conservation of Xu Jie’s tomb.     

齐国及明代钱币的金相学考察

选择钱币发展过程中几个重要阶段的钱币样品,利用金相显微镜,扫描电子显微镜及x射线能谱仪检测分析钱币的金相结构及合金成分。检测数据揭示,各历史时期钱币合金的性质与化学方法检测的同一样品的合金成分比较吻合。齐刀币早期阶段含锡量较高,晚期阶段含铅量远高于含锡量,并且成分比较稳定,表明当时已有统一的规范。黄铜合金货币的合金成分随着时代的递增发生明显的变化,由锡黄铜向无锡黄铜转化,含铅量呈下降趋势,含锌量呈增加趋势,组织形态由a相黄铜转化为a B两相黄铜,由此完成了由铜-铅-锡青铜向黄铜乃至成熟黄铜的转变过程。     

中国古典诗词中地理景观信息及其旅游地理意义分析

中国古典诗词作为中华民族优秀传统文化结晶,其中充满了大量的优美地理景观信息,这些地理景观大多成为现代旅游风景。本文对这些地理景观信息加以分析,提出其地域类型并探讨其旅游地理意义。     

关于《嘉禾吏民田家莂》中“州吏”问题的剖析——兼论嘉禾五年改革及其效果

《嘉禾四年吏民田家莂》中的内容反映出嘉禾四年吏民田家莉中的“州吏”具有不同于其他租田的五大特征,在与五年田家莂的比较中,“州吏”的情况发生了许多变化,即“州吏”在嘉禾四年为特殊租田的优异身份在五年消失了,而与其他租田趋于同化。嘉禾五年“库吏”、“仓吏”人数的增加反映出嘉禾五年有加强仓库管理的举措。嘉禾五年的改革,使租佃制度得到发展,租佃土地的地区扩大、租佃数量增加、仓库的管理也大为加强,田家莂书写的错误率大大降低了。     

县域主体功能区划分研究——以广东省云安县为例

采用GIS,以云安县为例,以100m×100m格网作为评价单元,根据格网内的环境特征,选用对区域开发建设影响较大的自然生态、生态服务、灾害风险等作为生态敏感性评价条件,约束区域的发展;在分析经济社会发展空间格局的基础上,采用资源承载力、社会支撑力、经济发展力、集聚辐射力、区位支撑力和外部推动力综合评价了经济社会综合发展潜力,作为区域发展的推动力,综合考虑生态敏感性和社会经济综合发展力,划分了主体功能区,并分析了各区的发展方向主要功能和管制措施。     

西安高新区经济发展水平及其竞争力分析

为揭示西安高新区经济发展水平在全国高新区中的地位,首先采用聚类分析及因子分析方法对53个国家级高新区经济发展状况进行了分析,西安高新区的经济发展水平处于前十名,处于发展良好的一类;接着从高新区企业平均经济规模、人均工业总产值、企业市场竞争力、参与国际竞争能力及技术转化能力五个方面对包括西安高新区在内的发展较好以上的30个高新区作了进一步分析,指出了虽然从整体来看西安高新区的经济发展在人力资源、科技创新、产品开发等方面存在的优势,但与成都、武汉等高新区相比,其优势并不明显;最后提出了西安高新区应该从产业环境、招商引资和软硬环境等方面提高其竞争力的政策建议。     

关于青铜文物深层有害锈形成与转化的分析研究

为了长久保存馆藏青铜文物,有效转化深层有害锈氯化亚铜,以仿古青铜试样为对象,应用循环伏安法、恒电位极化法等电化学实验来研究青铜在模拟中性土壤介质溶液中的电化学行为,应用X-射线衍射(XRD)、共聚焦激光Raman显微分析检测其腐蚀产物的主要物相。结果表明,氧化过程是生成有害锈氯化亚铜的反应,还原过程是氯化亚铜还原成铜的反应。运用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪(SEM-EDS)进行形貌观察和微区腐蚀产物成分分析。对氯化亚铜在不同湿度环境下的变化进行了跟踪观察。由此,为除去青铜文物深层有害锈氯化亚铜所做的一系列探讨将在博物馆藏品保护方面具有一定应用价值。     

Mineralogical and Chemical Constraints on the Provenance of Copper Age Polished Stone Axes of ‘Ljubljana Type’ from Caput Adriae

In this paper we show the results of a study concerning 42 axes, mainly discovered in the Copper Age pile dwellings of Ljubljansko barje (central Slovenia) and in the neighbouring areas of Caput Adriae. The studied shaft‐hole axes, characterized by homogeneous typology but slightly different raw materials, have been called ‘Ljubljana‐type’ axes (Lt). The raw materials show a common OIB‐like signature and metamorphic and spilitization features that recall oceanic conditions. The typological and geochemical characteristics and the very high percentage of Lt axes among the polished stone axe assemblages of Ljubljansko barje suggest that the raw material was probably gathered from one or more relatively small outcrops close to Ljubljansko barje. Similar igneous rock types outcrop in the presumably Palaeozoic diabase/shale complex (Eisenkappler Diabaszug), intruded by the northern Karawanken plutonic belt. A probable provenance from this area, particularly rich in copper ore deposit, would confirm the important role of Ljubljansko barje as a metallurgical district, as well as a strong relation between lithic raw materials and Cu cultivation districts during the Copper age.     

功能分析法在考古类型学研究中的应用——以《龙虬庄:江淮东部新石器时代遗址发掘报告》为例

考古学属人文科学的范畴,考古学是历史学的有机组成部分。考古学研究的对象繁杂,涉及的学科甚广,受相关学科(地质学、生物学等)的启发而逐渐形成相对完整的考古学方法论。考古类型学是考古学的基础方法论之一,在考古学研究中发挥着重要的、不可替代的作用。