彭头山等遗址陶片和我国最早水稻遗存的加速器质谱~(14)C测年

本文介绍用加速器质谱碳十四测年(Accelerafor-mass-spectrometry—~(14)C)方法,简称AMS—~(14)C方法,直接测定古代陶片中各种含碳组分的年龄,并报道对湖南彭头山和胡家屋场两遗址陶片和我国最早水稻遗存的测年结果。这是北京大学考古系与牛津大学考古与艺术史研究实验室合作的成果。陶片的碳十四测年国内外还很少有系统的研究,它提供了新的可能,也提出了新的问题。     

Regional demographic trends in France: an examination at the level of the "zones d'emploi"

"The paper studies the regional demographic trends in France from 1968 to 1990.... The study follows two main objectives: (1) Analysis of the main regional migration and population trends over the three census periods from 1968 to 1990. (2) Analysis of the growth trends of different types of regions on the basis of typifying the ?zones d'emploi' (labour market regions) according to economic criteria and settlement structure criteria. The large-scale patterns of the population and migration trends seem to be relatively stable in comparison to the massive change in the general economic and political framework in France and Western Europe.... The different region types, however, show more distinct changes." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE AND RUS)     

World population growth,family planning,and American foreign policy

The US decision since the 1960s to link foreign policy with family planning and population control is noteworthy for its intention to change the demographic structure of foreign countries and the magnitude of the initiative. The current population ideologies are part of the legacy of 19th century views on science, morality, and political economy. Strong constraints were placed on US foreign policy since World War II, particularly due to presumptions about the role of developing countries in Cold War ideology. Domestic debates revolved around issues of feminism, birth control, abortion, and family political issues. Since the 1960s, environmental degradation and resource depletion were an added global dimension of US population issues. Between 1935 and 1958 birth control movements evolved from the ideologies of utopian socialists, Malthusians, women's rights activists, civil libertarians, and advocates of sexual freedom. There was a shift from acceptance of birth control to questions about the role of national government in supporting distribution of birth control. Immediately postwar the debates over birth control were outside political circles. The concept of family planning as a middle class family issue shifted the focus from freeing women from the burdens of housework to making women more efficient housewives. Family planning could not be taken as a national policy concern without justification as a major issue, a link to national security, belief in the success of intervention, and a justifiable means of inclusion in public policy. US government involvement began with agricultural education, technological assistance, and economic development that would satisfy the world's growing population. Cold War politics forced population growth as an issue to be considered within the realm of foreign policy and diplomacy. US government sponsored family planning was enthusiastic during 1967-74 but restrained during the 1980s. The 1990s has been an era of redefinition of the issues and increased divisiveness among environmentalists, feminists, and population control advocates. The current justification of US population program assistance is based on concern for the health of women and children. Future changes will be dependent on ideology, theology, and political philosophy.     

二十世纪的历史科学——国际背景评述(续二)

d.法国:“年鉴派” 在本章中安排“年鉴派”并不是理所当然的事。科学概念和“年鉴派”历史学家的实践是多层次的。一方面他们赞同上述社会史学派关于科学方法与科学知识的可能性的观点,另一方面他们又与这些观点相对立。关于什么是历史以及谁创造历史。这一概念,——它曾以绝对的优势成为自兰克至今的历史科学的基础,——到他们这