Third-world development: urbanizing for the future

This article reviews some issues reflected in the 1996 UN Habitat II agenda and recent research on urbanization. The themes of the 1996 Habitat conference were urban development, urban poverty, and governance, civil society, and social capital. It is expected that over 50% of total world population will live in cities in the year 2000. Cities are viewed both as engines of economic growth and centers of severe economic, environmental, and social problems. There is some disagreement about whether cities are rational economic structures or what the World Bank's urban agenda is and its relationship with macroeconomic policy. Discussions of global urban issues are criticized for their neglect of issues of equity and poverty, cultural diversity, and identity and representation. Habitat II also stressed urban sustainability. There is growing recognition that urban management involves more than the "Brown Agenda" of environmental and physical aspects of urban growth. Recent studies identify how politics and power affect people's access to basic urban services. Urban economic activity can also contribute to environmental problems. Urban growth affects the provision of health services. Although there is not a consensus on the role of cities in expanding economic and social development and the best management practices, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that urban processes are varied throughout the developing world. The links between urban and rural areas differentiate cities and expose the need to understand the role of intermediate urban areas surrounding and between larger cities. Poverty has become increasingly urbanized, but the extent of poverty is unknown. Habitat II was an unprecedented effort to engage nongovernment groups, local government staff, trade unions, and the private sector and to emphasize community participation. Networks of trust and reciprocity are key to solving poverty, inequality, and disempowerment problems.     

La typologie des nations et l’Espagnol mélancolique: Notes pour l’interprétation d’un cliché

Included in the traditional typology of nations, the image of the melancholy Spaniard is a cultural stereotype which appears with a remarkable continuity since the Spanish Golden Age. Developed by foreigners--particularly by the French--this stereotype is also adopted by the Spaniards themselves. It is then necessary to inquire about the persistance of this stereotype through-out the centuries and to examine how--and why--the Spaniards did adhere to the image given by foreigners and the typology of nations. The examination of this stereotype aims at analyzing its mechanism, at discovering its representations--sometimes very different--and the implications involved. The image of the melancholy Spaniard is deeply subjective representation which engages a complex work of the imagination: it concerns the representation of the other and the consciousness that every nation has of itself, revealing many elements about the one who produces it.     

论曾国藩与左宗棠的交往及其关系

论曾国藩与左宗棠的交往及其关系王澧华在曾国藩的湘系同党中,左宗棠是一个特殊的人物。左宗棠小曾国藩一岁,中举则早曾国藩一科,但道光癸已、乙未、戊戌三入礼闹皆报罢,因而绝意科举,留心农学、史学、兵学及舆图之学。曾国藩则于戊戌科钦点翰林,继而沉湎于词章之中...     

马丽华印象

马丽华印象林金荣作为她《走过西藏》一书的责任编辑,我未见其人,先就深深喜欢了她的书,喜欢她对于西藏的描述,喜欢她的才思,她的质朴无华却准确成熟的散文语言。及至见到她,熟悉了她,发现她坦诚随和,是个活得真实自然的人。高原的骄阳灼伤了她脸颊的皮肤,使她颇...     

芒市纪念抗日战争胜利五十周年学术讨论会简述

芒市纪念抗日战争胜利五十周年学术讨论会简述蜀荣由云南大学历史系、中共德宏傣族景颇族自治州委宣传部、州政协文史委、州史志办等单位联合举办的＂纪念抗日战争胜利五十周年学术讨论会＂,于１９９５年９月２日至１２日在云南省德宏州首府芒市召开,出席会议的有来自全...     

新乡市唐墓清理简报

一九七七年二月,新乡市北郊距市区约十五公里处,北站公社西张门大队第六生产队,在平整土地时,发现墓葬一座。(图一)我馆得知后,派人对该墓进行了现场勘察,现简报如下: 该墓为麟德元年(公元664年)埋葬的一座唐代墓。方向为南北向。墓平面几乎近于正方形。墓壁全部用砖平砌,西壁长2.13