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101.
John Stachel 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2005,126(2):353-365
As the sobriquet «Zweistein» suggests, within the theoretical physics community Wolfgang Pauli came to be regarded as second in eminence only to Albert Einstein. Over a period of thirty-five years, they interacted both intellectually and personally. This paper focuses on four interrelated topics of their discussions. 1) The theory of relativity: at the age of twenty, Pauli prepared the definitive survey of relativity, a survey which he revised near the end of his life and which remains invaluable to physicists and historians of physics. 2) Unified field theories: although initially sympathetic to Einstein's search for a unified theory of electromagnetism and gravitation, and having made important contributions to the subject, Pauli came to regard such efforts as fruitless. 3) Foundations of quantum mechanics: Pauli's negative evaluation of Einstein's program grew out of their sharply differing evaluations of the role that quantum mechanics would play in the future, development of theoretical physics. 4) Quantum gravity: Pauli recognized that, until the achievement of a successful reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity — an achievement that still eludes us — Einstein's challenge to quantum mechanics could not be laid to rest. 相似文献
102.
The idea of strategic planning for networks of cities and towns, encapsulated in the polynuclear urban region concept, has attracted growing interest in many European regions. Key themes include cooperation between neighbouring cities and coordination between functional policies. This article explores the theoretical benefits, including increased economies of scale and improvements in the strength and quality of internal interactions. It also applies these arguments to Central Scotland. As the largest concentration of economic activity in Scotland, with a high level of organizational fragmentation but growing cross boundary issues and coincident growth pressures and deficiencies, there are potential gains from a common strategic perspective. These include improved communications for inter‐firm collaboration and trade, more efficient labour and housing market interactions, and an institutional framework for planning and marketing important regional assets. Closer cooperation within a regional perspective could help the Central Belt to function better as an economic unit and facilitate its ongoing development. 相似文献
103.
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105.
John Kantner 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(1):37-81
In the 1970s and 1980s, regional analysis was an influential part of archaeological research, providing a discrete set of
geographical tools inspired by a processual epistemological and interpretive perspective. With the advent of new technologies,
new methods, and new paradigms, archaeological research on regional space has undergone significant changes. This article
reviews the state of regional archaeology, beginning with a consideration of its history and a discussion of the fundamental
issues facing regional investigations before focusing on developments over the last several years. On one hand, the diversification
of archaeological theory has created new paradigms for thinking about human relationships with one another and with the physical
environment across regional space; in this regard, historical ecology, landscape archaeology, and evolutionary theory have
been particularly influential in recent years. This has led to a corresponding diversification of the traditional methods
of regional analysis. Most notably, the advent of powerful digital technologies has introduced new tools, especially those
from the geographic information sciences, that build on the quantitative methods of past approaches. The investigation of
regional data is no longer based on a discrete toolkit of simple mathematical and graphical procedures for representing spatial
relationships. Instead, regional archaeology has matured into a diversity of multiscalar spatial and geostatistical techniques
that inform many areas of archaeological inquiry. 相似文献
106.
Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(2):163-221
This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene,
called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia,
based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and
the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river
valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated
strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far
East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans
even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that
time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite
high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored
clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
107.
R. Alan Covey 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(3):287-338
During the Late Intermediate period (LIP, c. A.D. 1000–1400), the central Andes experienced the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku
states, as well as processes of state formation, regional population growth, and competition culminating in the imperial expansion
of the Chimú and Inka polities. The LIP holds the potential to link the archaeological features of early Andean states with
the material signatures of the later ones, providing a critical means of contextualizing the intergenerational continuities
and breaks in state structures and imperial strategies. The recent proliferation of LIP research and the completion of a number
of regional studies permit the overview of six LIP regions and the comparison of highland and lowland patterns of political
and economic organization, social complexity, and group identity. 相似文献
108.
Mariano Ramos Fabián Bognanni Matilde Lanza Verónica Helfer Patricia Salatino Claudio Quiroga Diego Aguirre David Pau 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2008,12(3):209-247
In the central-southeastern area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, lies a mountainous area of low height in Tandilia that
contains important outcrops of quartzite and granite. A large number of buildings are made of massive blocks of rock, some
of them with a surface of over 1 ha. In addition to these completely artificial constructions are other structures that are
semi-natural, having been made in places with special topographical characteristics and complemented with dry-stone walls.
Scanty written documents allow us to attribute some of the constructions to an age before the permanent settlement of the
Creole population. In the Tandilia Sierras these structures are commonly known as “corrales de indios” (Indian corrals). This
designation involves a double prejudice with regard to function and cultural affiliation. Out of a total of 22 structures,
we analyze a group of 4 that were excavated to use to review the written documents. 相似文献
109.
Jack B. Irion Dave Ball Christopher E. Horrell 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2008,12(2):75-81
The deepwater part of the Gulf of Mexico has shown a remarkable increase in oil and gas exploration, development, and production.
In part, this is because of the development of new technologies reducing operational costs and risks, as well as the finding
of reservoirs with high-production wells. With expanding development in deep water come increasing challenges in managing
our nation’s Submerged Cultural Heritage on the Outer Continental Shelf and Slope. To fulfill obligations under Section 106
of the Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (36 CFR 800), managers need a clearer understanding of the size of debris fields
expected around deepwater shipwrecks, as well as their state of preservation and future research potential—both cultural and
biological. With this in mind, the Minerals Management Service, in partnership with the National Oceanographic Partnership
Program and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of Ocean Explorations, launched the Deep Gulf
Wrecks Project. 相似文献
110.
Modern technology lends itself to holistic exploration and widely accessible outreach. New technology allows scientists studying
our planet either from space or deep under the seas, to explore and reveal both natural and cultural resources that have previously
escaped our scrutiny. However, the use of these new technologies is expensive and often the exclusive tool of industrial research.
Yet, these new technologies can lead the way to greater collaboration, better science and more public access. In 2003 and
2004, a landmark project, combining government agencies, industrial technology and outreach set new standards in collaborative
scientific exploration. The project focused on six shipwrecks at depth in the Gulf of Mexico. The questions posed by the project
illuminate how science and industry can collaborate to produce remarkable results. The papers presented in this issue form
a model for deepwater exploration. 相似文献