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Ingrid Ivarsen 《Early Medieval Europe》2021,29(2):225-252
The law-text known as I Æthelstan is commonly accepted as the earliest evidence of a legal obligation to pay tithes in England. As it turns out, it might not be. The extant Old English version of I Æthelstan does indeed legislate for tithe payments. However, this version is an eleventh-century revision of the original text, probably penned by Archbishop Wulfstan of York (d. 1023). As I will argue in this article, the original version, which survives only as contained in a twelfth-century translation into Latin, appears to be a call for a one-off charitable alms payment. 相似文献
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Ingrid L. Mainland 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2000,10(2):93-107
The potential of dental microwear for recognizing the use of seaweed as fodder in the past is explored through the analysis of microwear patterning in modern seaweed‐eating and grazing sheep from Orkney. Seaweed‐eating and grazing sheep are clearly distinguished on the basis of microscopic dental wear patterns. This reflects an emphasis on anterior‐posterior jaw movements and large pitted features in the seaweed‐eaters and can be attributed to the differing forces and/or masticatory movements required in the comminution of grasses and seaweed. Differences between seaweed‐eating and grazing individuals are maintained when the grazing group is expanded to include grazing sheep from Greenland and the Scottish borders. It is concluded that the microwear of seaweed‐eating sheep is highly distinctive and that dental microwear analysis potentially has a widespread application for identifying seaweed grazing within Scotland and the North Atlantic islands. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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