Reviews

NEGOTIATION FROM STRENGTH: A STUDY IN THE POLITICS OF POWER. Coral Bell. London, Chatto & Windus, 1962. Pp. 224. Stg. 21/‐.

ARMS INSPECTION. Lawrence S. Finkelstein. N.Y., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (International Conciliation No. 540), 1962. Pp. 89. 50 cents.

THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS. Leonard Beaton and John Maddox. For the Institute for Strategic Studies (Studies in International Security, No. 5). London, Chatto & Windus, 1962. Pp. xi + 216. Stg. 18/‐.

THE REVOLUTION IN WORLD POLITICS. Morton A. Kaplan (Ed.). New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1962. Pp. xxii + 477. U.S. $7.96.

POLITICAL CHANGE IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES: NATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM. Edited with an original essay by John H. Kautsky. New York, London, John Wiley and Sons, 1962. Pp. xv + 347. U.S. $3.95.

THE POLITICS OF THE NEW STATES: A SELECT ANNOTATED. BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COMMON‐ WEALTH. Francis Carnell. For the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. London, Oxford University Press, 1961. Pp. xvi + 171. Australian price 23/6d.

INDEPENDENCE AND AFTER: REVOLUTION IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Richard Harris. Under the auspices of the Institute of Race Relations. London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 69.

WHITE MAN. Gustav Jahoda. London, Oxford University Press, 1961. Pp. xii + 144. Australian price 34/9d.

PROSPERO'S MAGIC. Philip Mason, London, Oxford University Press, 1961. Pp. viii + 151. Australian price 29/9d.

BRITAIN AND THE CONGO IN THE 19TH CENTURY. Roger Anstey. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962. Pp. xiii + 252. Australian price 66/3d.

KING LEOPOLD'S CONGO. Ruth Slade. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. xii + 219. Australian price 49/9d.

MY LIFE. Alhaji Sir Akmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto. Cambridge University Press, 1962. Pp. x + 239. Stg. 30/‐.

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA. G. W. Kingsnorth. Cambridge University Press, 1962. Pp. viii + 155. Stg. 17/6.

EAST AFRICA THROUGH CONTEMPORARY RECORDS. Zoë Marsh. Cambridge University Press, 1961. Pp. xxi + 215. Stg. 25/‐.

THE EAST AFRICAN COAST: SELECT DOCUMENTS FROM THE FIRST TO THE EARLIER NINETEENTH CENTURY. G. S. P. Freeman‐Grenville. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962. Pp. 303. Australian price 62/3d.

BELGIAN ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONGO, Georges Brauseh, Pp. 92, Stg. 7/6; TRAGEDY IN ALGERIA, Gerard Mansell, Pp. 77, Stg. 6/‐. London, Oxford University Press, 1961.

FRENCH‐SPEAKING WEST AFRICA. Philip Neres. Pp. 101; SENEGAL. Michael Crowder. Pp. 104. Stg. 7/6; ANGOLA: A SYMPOSIUM, Pp. 160. Stg. 9/6, London, Oxford University Press, 1962.

THE NEW SOCIETIES OF TROPICAL AFRICA. Guy Hunter. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. xx + 360. Australian price 65/‐.

SOUTH AFRICA: THE DYNAMICS OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS. Edward Feit. For the Institute of Race Relations. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 73. Australian price 12/6d.

THE PEOPLES AND POLICIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. Leo Marquard. Third Edition. London, Oxford Paperbacks, Pp. 284. Australian price 14/3d.

RECOGNITION OF COMMUNIST CHINA? Robert P. Newman. New York, Macmillan Co., 1961. Pp. xii + 318. Australian price, paper 21s., cloth 53s. 6d.

HURRICANE PROM CHINA. Denis Warner. New York, Macmillan Co., 1961. Pp. ix + 210. Australian price, 42s. 9d.

COMMUNES AND THE AGRICULTURAL CRISIS IN COMMUNIST CHINA. Philip P. Jones and Thomas T. Poleman. Stanford, Pood Research Institute, Stanford University, 1962.

ANGLO‐DUTCH RIVALRY IN THE MALAY WORLD, 1780–1824. Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge University Press and University of Queensland Press, 1962. Pp. 189. Australian price 37/6d.

SEATO: SIX STUDIES. George Modelski (ed.). For the Australian National University. Melbourne, F. W. Cheshire, 1962. Pp. xxxiv + 302. Australian price 75/‐d.     

Experimental assessment of plan-view and profile-view gross-edge curvature on stone flake slicing efficiency

Separating two or more aspects of an object via cutting was likely an important factor in the origin and evolution of flaked stone technology. In recent years experiments have demonstrated that several stone tool attributes can influence different kinds of cutting behaviour: slicing, cleaving, scraping, sawing, drilling, piercing and abrading. Here we experimentally assessed the role of stone flake plan- and profile-view gross-edge curvature in a controlled slicing task. We also assessed the role of edge length. A total of 21 participants, using 252 stone flakes with distinct gross-edge curvatures and edge lengths, were asked to cut through a standardized substrate, and their efficiency in the task was measured over time. Flakes with longer edge lengths increased the efficiency of the cutting task, but increasing either plan- or profile-view edge curvature decreased the efficiency of the cutting task. These results have implications for the emergence of particular tool forms or reduction sequences throughout the Pleistocene, and may in part explain why certain forms were favoured by Paleolithic people, leading to their convergent evolution or widespread transmission.     

Quantifying 3D Micro‐Surface Changes on Experimental Stones Used to Break Bones and Their Implications for the Analysis of Early Stone Age Pounding Tools

We present a new method to assess use‐wear formation processes of pounding tools used to break bones based on a combination of conventional microscopy, optical 3D surface measurements obtained with a confocal microscope and GIS analysis. The method involves 3D alignment and 3D surface change inspection techniques along with a surface morphometric characterization and 2D spatial pattern analysis, to measure the spatital distribution of significant changes in surface topography of pounding tools. Our results show that microscopic changes can be detected in the surfaces of hammers and anvils after bone breakage activities are performed. Use‐wear on the active elements (hammers made on basalt and quartzite) occurred over a larger area than was observed on the passive element (quartzite anvil), but the latter often exhibited deeper modifications. Tool surfaces generally developed smoother topography with increased use, but grain microfracture also appeared with greater frequency over time. This methodology offers highly accurate and statistically robust analyses of microscopic use‐wear traces that can be applied to the analysis of archaeological pounding tools.     

The So‐called Venetian Enamelled Copper Artworks of the Italian Renaissance: the Technology and Provenance of the Enamels—an Analytical Approach

The so‐called Venetian enamelled coppers are a group of objects produced in Italy during the 15th century. Up to now, about 300 objects have been recognized in private collections and in European and US museums. At the end of 19th century, a Venetian origin was suggested, but their provenance is still debated. In this study, the enamel compositions from 22 enamelled copper products from Italian and French collections have been analysed by invasive and non‐invasive techniques. A comparison of the results with Tuscan and Venetian glass databases reinforces the suggestion of a Tuscan (most probably Florentine) origin for these works of art.     

Land sales in eighth- and ninth-century Bavaria: legal, economic and social aspects

Based upon an examination of the Bavarian law code and detailed analysis of thirty eighth- and ninth-century deeds from Bavarian cartularies, this article argues that land sales were common in early medieval Bavaria and generally followed codified procedures, derived in part at least, from late-Roman vulgar law. The essential element in the sale was the payment of the purchase price ( pretium ) which established its validity. This purchase price, even when expressed in monetary forms, was seldom executed in specie and was determined by customary social as well as strictly economic considerations. The Church probably was the primary purchaser of land to consolidate properties obtained by gift, and lay men and women sold land to meet public obligations, to obtain necessary stock and to satisfy personal wants.     

Medieval descriptions and doctrines of stroke: preliminary analysis of select sources. Part III: multiplying speculation - the high and late Middle Ages (1000-1450)

By analyzing a body of texts compiled by various medical authors from the 11th to the 15th century, four basic developments can be noted: (1) From the beginning of the eleventh century the reception, translation and assimilation of Arabian and arabicized ancient texts became the ultimate goal of Western medicine (Constantine the African, Arnad of Villanova, et al.). Concepts of stroke were consequently guided by textual tradition, not by observation. (2) Scholastic speculations about different aspects of apoplexy, especially those concerning its origins, were numerous (Johannes Platearius, Batholomaeus Salernitanus, Pietro d'Abano, Giacomo da Forli). Although most medieval physicians used the ancient doctrine of the four humors as model and explanation, opinions differed in many ways. (3) Attempts developed to present a simple outline of the etiology, the prognosis, and the treatment of the disease (Gilbertus Anglicus, Bernard of Gordon, John of Gaddesden). (4) Although lacking in originality, many of these writers nevertheless achieved a certain uniformity in presenting main topics, thus setting the standard for later practitioners.     

Beyond social construction: toward new histories of psychiatry (review essay)

Focusing on symptom classification and on the outcome of somatic interventions, Berrios and Shorter challenge the social constructionist and anti-psychiatry tendencies that have framed the writing of the history of psychiatry for the past quarter-century. Contextualizing clinical interventions, these studies point out the value of examining the proposition that practitioners were motivated as much about curing distress as they were about eliminating nonconformity. Such examinations require an understanding of the strengths and limits of medical science that often have been trivialized or ignored by some social constructionists. Together the studies under review open the possibility that recent biological interventions may have transformed psychiatry in such fundamental ways that they call into question the assumptions that have underlay in an almost two-century-old classification system. Ironically, adherence to the scientific method (falsification) reveals that the biological revolution in psychiatry fits post-modern claims about the tentative nature of knowledge claims, while it simultaneously undercuts the particular historical interpretations of post-modern scholarship.