Regional inequality in the U.S.: Evidence from city-level purchasing power

Using quarterly data for 42 products over the period from 1990 to 2015, we find that there has been a large and growing dispersion of purchasing power across U.S. cities since 1990 and the dispersion varies widely across products. We also find that total factor productivity shock precedes or predicts the rise in regional inequality of purchasing power. We view that the growing regional inequality found in the purchasing power among U.S. cities might have proceeded after nationwide productivity shocks mainly by the cities with higher share of skilled workers through the products with more flexible price adjustments.     

Rationalizing the Guerilla State: North Korean Factory Management Reform, 1953–61

This article examines the Taean Management System (TMS), a North Korean factory management reform program of 1961. Three factors explain why the TMS emerged at the time it did: first, influence from the Soviet Union and China since 1945 provided the knowledge of factory management; second, decreasing foreign aid since the mid‐1950s urged the North Koreans to search for ways to increase productivity; and third, the rise of an ideology of self‐reliance excluded the option of being integrated into the international economy. The resulting TMS, which arose at this juncture as an amalgam of rationalization and ideology, was the origin of modern management in North Korea.     

Evaluation of community planning and life of senior cohousing projects in northern European countries1

Cohousing schemes were evolved as alternative housing to reduce housework for working women, and to reduce loneliness of elderly people by promoting active mutual relationship with community residents in northern European countries. This article discusses how residents manage their life in senior cohousing projects in Sweden and Denmark. The purpose of this study is to investigate residents' life satisfaction connected with demographic characteristics of residents, physical environment and common activities in the senior cohousing communities, so that it could offer usable information for the establishment of new senior cohousing projects in other countries, as well as an empirical evaluation of the existing projects in Scandinavian countries themselves. Important variables influential to residents' life satisfaction are also discussed in order to improve senior citizens' quality of life. The methods used for the study are literature review, interviews, field trips and questionnaire. Nine hundred and thirty‐five postal questionnares were sent to 28 senior cohousing communities throughout Denmark and Sweden. Of those 536 replies were collected and analysed by SPSS program using frequency, mean and Chi‐square test. As a result, it was found out that most of the respondents are healthy, 70‐year‐olds, and satisfied with their current living in the community. The majority of them also would like to strongly recommend others to move to senior cohousing schemes to improve quality of life in their later years. Residents' intensive concern about building location and design is a noteworthy reminder for designers and architects as well as for professionals and decision‐makers who work in the elderly welfare sector.     

关于《三国志》韩译工作的思考

《三国志》在韩国化史上有广泛的影响,推出新的《三国志》韩译本是时代发展的需要。目前的《三国志》韩译工作必须在已有的韩译本和中今译本的基础上进行。充分利用最近十多年来的学术成果,对以往的译本做一番研究,汲取有益的经验,进一步解决其中遗留下来的种种问题,是今天从事《三国志》韩译的基础工作。     

Emergence of complex society in prehistoric Korea

A highly stratified society had emerged in the Korean peninsula by the beginning of the Christian era. It was expressed symbolically by ownership of valued goods and status burials. Four factors are basic to understanding the emergence of stratification in prehistoric Korea, around 2300–1700 B.P.: autonomous sociocultural evolution within the peninsula since early Chulmun Period, external pressures from more advanced culture spheres in Manchuria and northern China, the existence of elites able to facilitate integrative process, and warfare and conflict. The external pressures, in particular, resulted in a sociocultural process characterized as a secondary formation. For the evidence of emerging social complexity and stratification, the authors examine various archaeological data, with a special focus on differentiated mortuary architecture and its associated objects. Ancient Chinese accounts are considered as complementary evidence.     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Groundwater Level Changes in Relation to Urban Growth and Groundwater Recharge Potential for Waukesha County,Wisconsin

The main objective of this study was to analyze spatially and temporally groundwater level changes using geographic information systems and spatial analysis with respect to urban development, groundwater withdrawal, and groundwater recharge potential. The study focused on Waukesha County in southeastern Wisconsin, where urban development has been accelerating while groundwater has been declining over the last several decades. We analyzed data about groundwater withdrawal, groundwater level, land use/land cover, and precipitation utilizing correlation analysis, geographically weighted regression, land use change analysis, and map overlay. Our findings include the following: the extent of urban areas expanded faster in regions with high recharge potential than in those with low or moderate recharge potential; the correlation of urban growth with groundwater level is highly variable over time and space; and changes in groundwater level are strongly related to the spatial distribution of groundwater withdrawal. The study pinpointed the need to consider the spatial unevenness of groundwater withdrawal in understanding the changes in groundwater level and groundwater recharge potential for better management of groundwater resources. Un análisis espacio‐temporal de los cambios de nivel de aguas subterráneas en relación con el crecimiento urbano y de las aguas subterráneas de recarga para el Condado de Waukesha, Wisconsin El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar espacial y temporalmente los cambios del nivel de aguas subterráneas utilizando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y análisis espacial con respecto al desarrollo urbano, la extracción de agua subterránea, y el potencial de recarga. El área de estudio es el condado de Waukesha, en el sureste de Wisconsin, donde el desarrollo urbano se ha acelerado mientras que las aguas subterráneas han disminuido en las últimas décadas. Se analizaron los datos sobre la extracción y nivel de aguas subterráneas, la cobertura vegetal/uso del suelo, y la precipitación utilizando un análisis de correlación, una regresión ponderada geográficamente (geographically weigted regression ‐GWR), un análisis de cambio de uso del suelo, y la superposición de mapas (map overlay). Los resultados muestran que: (1) la extensión de las zonas urbanas se incrementó más rápidamente en regiones con alto potencial de recarga que en áreas con potencial de recarga de bajo o moderado; (2) la correlación entre el crecimiento urbano y el nivel de aguas subterráneas es muy variable tanto temporal como espacialmente; y, (3) los cambios en el nivel de aguas subterráneas están fuertemente relacionados con la distribución espacial de las actividades de extracción del recurso. El estudio identificó la necesidad de considerar la irregularidad del patrón espacial de la extracción de aguas subterráneas con el fin de mejorar la comprensión de los cambios en el nivel y el potencial de recarga y así promover una mejor gestión de los recursos hídricos subterráneos. 本研究主要目的在于通过地理信息系统(GISs)和空间分析的时空视角,对城市发展的地下水水位变化,地下水开采和地下水潜在补给进行分析。本文研究区为威斯康星州东南部的沃基肖县,该区在过去近几十年里城市快速增长而地下水急剧减少。通过地下水开采、地下水水位、LUCC（土地利用/土地覆盖LULC）和降水的数据分析,采用方法包括相关分析、地理加权回归模型（GWR）、土地利用变化分析和地图叠加分析。研究结果包括：（1）高地下水补给的城市地域范围的扩大幅度快于中等或低补给地区;（2）城市增长与地下水水位的相关性在时间和空间上是高度变化的;（3）地下水开采的空间分布与地下水位的变化呈强相关。研究精确地指出,为更好管理地下水资源,在理解地下水位变化和地下水潜在补给时需考虑地下水开采的空间不均匀。     

The Late Cambrian trilobite Hamashania from Korea

The Late Cambrian trilobite genus Hamashania Kobayashi, 1942a has hitherto been poorly understood and is herein revised based on well-preserved specimens from Korea. Platysaukia Kobayashi, 1960 and Goumenzia Guo & Duan, 1978 are treated as junior synonyms of Hamashania. Hamashania comprises only two species, H. pulchera Kobayashi, 1942a and Pterocephalus busiris Walcott, 1905, and is restricted to North Chinaand Korea. The new genus Pacootasaukia is proposed to accommodate the Australian species Platysaukia jokliki Shergold, 1991 as type species, and Platysaukia tomichi Shergold, 1991, which are so distinct that they cannot be included within Hamashania. The generic concept of Mareda Kobayashi, 1942b, which was often confused with Hamashania, is confined to the type material.