清朝捐监制度及其影响

捐监就是捐出身,即平民或生员通过出资报捐取得最高学府--国子监肄业的文凭。虽然它不象捐纳实职那样直接得官,但是在清朝,要想捐纳官职,其前提就是必须具备贡、监生的资格,捐监就成为有钱有势的豪家子弟猎取功名富贵的起点和捷径。在它实行的二百多年的时间里,虽然它对解决清政府的财政危机、缓解士人进阶的压力方面起到了积极作用,但是对清朝的科举制度、社会风气都产生了消极的影响。     

CONSUMING THE TOURIST GAZE: IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES AND THE REPRODUCTION OF SEXUALITY IN LUGU LAKE

Imaginative geographies engage with the understanding and experiencing of place and place‐based social and cultural specificities through a process of re‐creation and reproduction. In this article, we explore the imaginative geographies of Lugu Lake, a tourist destination in China's Yunnan Province, and of the Mosuo people, the local minority which practices a unique marriage system. We investigate how Mosuo society has been imagined in popular discourses and representations through two cultural labels: matriarchy and free sex. We also discuss how the imaginative geographies of Lugu Lake have restructured the encounters between the local people, especially the young men, and the incoming tourists in the context of tourism development. We interrogate the complex processes of identity formation in which both the tourists and the indigenous people renegotiate and reconstruct their cultural identities within various inside–outside connections and interactions. Our central argument is that the sex encounters between tourists and the local Mosuo are conditioned by popular imaginative geographies of the sexual practices of the Mosuo. But the encounter in tourism between the gazer and the gazed also accommodates complex identity formations and the renegotiation of social relations. The empirical observations are twofold: first, the locality of Lugu Lake has been reproduced with folk and tourist imaginative geographies into an erotic frontier of free sex; second, we also argue that the geographical imagination in this case is a reciprocal process which involves the local Mosuo's renegotiation of place‐based identity, in a pursuit of imagined progress and modernity.     

马王堆帛书《春秋事语》性质论略

学界一般认为马王堆帛书本《春秋事语》与《左传》接近。然种种迹象表明,帛书《春秋事语》与《国语》编撰主旨和撰构手法不惟形似,亦具有神似之处。帛书本《春秋事语》极有可能是古本《国语》的一种选本。这样的推断,除了二者之间的相似性以外,还有史学史上的案例可以参考;其他出土材料的发现也为此提供了旁证。考察这一问题,对重新认识作为一种体裁的"语"及其流传具有一定的参考价值。     

Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China: evidence from grinding stones

China is one of the few centers in the world where plant domestication evolved independently, but its developmental trajectory is poorly understood. This is because there is considerably less data from the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene documented in China than in other regions, such as the Near East and Mesoamerica, and previous studies on Paleolithic subsistence in China have largely focused on animal hunting rather than plant gathering. To resolve these problems the current research investigated the range of plants used by late Paleolithic hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region where some of the earliest farmers emerged. We employed usewear and starch analyses on grinding stones to recover evidence for plant use in a hunting–gathering population at a late Paleolithic site, Shizitan Locality 9 in Jixian, Shanxi (ca. 13,800–8500 cal. BP). The usewear analysis shows that all artifacts preserved a range of usewear patterns best matching multiple tasks and indicating multi-functional use. Starch remains recovered from these tools indicate that the Shizitan people collected and processed many types of grass seeds (Panicoideae and Pooideae subfamilies), acorns (Quercus sp.), beans (Phaseoleae tribe) and yams (Dioscorea sp.). The Shizitan people represented some of the last hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region. Their broad spectrum subsistence strategy was apparently carried on by the first Neolithic farmers in the same region, who collected similar wild plants and eventually domesticated millets. The trajectory from intensified collection of a wide range of wild plants to domestication of a small number of species was a very long process in north China. This parallels the transition from the “broad spectrum revolution” to agriculture in the Near East.     

呼和浩特市不同来源地蒙古族移民的居住融合意愿及其影响因素差异分析

在民族工作新思想引领下，族际居住融合成为“互嵌型社区”直观且关键的空间表现形式。然而，当前相关探索存在群体同质化的认知论误区，由此本文结合社会表征理论，尝试探究族群内部的异质性。以呼和浩特市蒙古族移民为研究对象，通过调研法获取原始资料，利用多群组SEM分析等方法，探讨不同来源地蒙古族居民居住融合意愿及其影响因素的差异。结果表明：①呼包鄂城市群辐射区移民的融合意愿最高，科尔沁农牧混合区移民的融合意愿次之，而锡林郭勒牧业区移民的意愿相对偏低，但并未出现显著的分异状况；②社会经济地位、文化适应、文化留存和住房偏好等因素对不同来源地蒙古族移民居住融合的影响路径、影响程度等方面存在差异。     

A Visual Analytics System for Space–Time Dynamics of Regional Income Distributions Utilizing Animated Flow Maps and Rank-based Markov Chains

Regional income convergence and divergence has been an active field of research for more than 20 years, and research papers in this field are still being produced at a prodigious rate. Despite their importance for the study of dynamics of income distribution, interactive visualization tools revealing spatiotemporal dimensions of the income data have been sparsely developed. This study introduces a visual analytics system for the space–time analysis of income dynamics. We use state-level US income data from 1929 to 2009 to demonstrate the visual analytics system and its utility for exploring similar data. The system consists of two modules, visualization and analytics. The visualization module, a Web-based front-end called Rank-Path Visualizer (RPV), draws inspiration from the cartographic technique of flow mapping, originally developed by Tobler and embodied in his canonical Flow Mapper application.