几种罕见的黄铜钱币锈蚀产物的识别与形成原因探析

我国从明中期开始使用黄铜钱币,一直到清末。过去,对古代铸币的科学研究主要集中于合金成分分析和铸造工艺两方面,对锈蚀产物和锈蚀机理的研究主要针对青铜铸币。黄铜的合金元素中较青铜多锌元素,其腐蚀产物与腐蚀行为较青铜有一定的差别,也较青铜更为复杂,然而现有的文献关于此方面的研究匮乏,特别是对于大气保存环境下黄铜钱币的锈蚀产物及锈蚀成因的研究基本空白。本研究通过多种分析手段包括X射线荧光分析仪(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和显微激光拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对国家博物馆馆藏一批传世明清各时期的黄铜钱币合金组成,不同颜色的锈蚀产物等开展科学分析。研究结果表明,嘉靖、隆庆和万历年的黄铜铸币,为Cu+Sn+Pb+Zn四元合金,平均含量Cu 66.4%,Sn 6.8%,Pb 10.4%,Zn 15.6%,并含有微量Fe,不含As。泰昌、天启和崇祯年间及清代各时期的黄铜铸币,主要为Cu+Pb+Zn三元合金,并含有微量Fe、As和Sn。这批黄铜锈蚀产物与常见的青铜锈蚀产物不同,最典型的是钱币表面蓝绿色和白色锈蚀物,经Raman和SEM-EDS分析并结合相关文献初步确认蓝绿色锈蚀物为一种含铜、钠...     

渠清如许自有源:帛书《黄帝四经》中的科学发展思想

作为早期黄老道家的重要文献,帛书《黄帝四经》中蕴含了丰富的科学发展思想,主要涉及民本观、规律观、能动观、治国观和社会观等方面。研究《黄帝四经》中蕴含的科学发展思想,有助于从一个新的视角认识《黄帝四经》这部经典文献,也有助于呈现古今科学发展思想的内在联系。     

Two systems in one country: the origin,functions, and mechanisms of the rural-urban dual system in China

ABSTRACT

This paper takes an interdisciplinary perspective to focus on the role played by the rural-urban dual system in China’s urbanization and migration. We explain its establishment in China in the 1950s and its genealogy in the industrialization strategy adopted in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In the reform era, the system has been refashioned to suit a new set of demands of the state industrialization strategy to cater for the global economy. We analyze the mechanisms of the dual system, and how it has helped generate low-cost migrant labor for urban employers and siphon off revenues for urban governments by expropriating rural land. We also argue that there are fundamental differences between the dual system and the common “dualism,” based on the Lewis dual-sector model, as observed in many developing countries. The plight of children of migrants is used to illustrate the main points made in the paper. Our research challenges the prevailing perspectives in Chinese geography and urban studies, many of which are based on market-driven neoclassical economics or global neoliberalism, often ignoring China’s historical and institutional contexts.     

正定出土元代钱币窖藏

2017年7月,河北正定县城内镇州街基督教堂南侧施工现场发现古钱币窖藏。经清洗、辨识和分类可知,这批古钱币大部分为年号钱,共56种,分别铸造于汉、隋、唐、五代、两宋、金、元7个时期,钱文有真、草、篆、行、隶、瘦金体及蒙古八思巴文7种字体。其中年代最晚的是元代的至正通宝,说明该钱币窖藏的年代不早于元顺帝至正年间。     

《福建日报》创刊号特点及史料价值

与传统文献相比,报纸档案记录了一个历史时期及区域政治、经济、社会发展、文化等层面的动态,具有独特的史料价值。本文以《福建日报》创刊号为例,从该创刊号鲜明的时代标识、全面丰富的信息传播、精心的版面设置等方面分析其史料价值。     

西周至春秋时期楚国的采邑制与地方政治体制

本文通过对西周至春秋时期见于史载的楚国的封地和采邑的梳理,认为在西周至春秋中前期,楚国的采邑制发展一直较为缓慢,而在春秋中后期,由于不同楚王所施行政策的差异,造成了楚国地方政治体制的剧烈变动,采邑数量因此显著增多,并表现出新的发展趋势和特点.     

科技考古与文物科技保护知识图谱初探

本工作对五本国际期刊中10768篇样本数据的产出与分布情况进行了统计分析,并通过VosViewer软件开展了研究机构、作者群、关键词的知识图谱分析,展现了国际科技考古与文物科技保护领域科学知识的主题范围、结构关系。在此基础上,提出了中国文化遗产保护学科知识体系的构建思路。     

古代钢铁制品夹杂物研究述评

现代钢铁冶炼流程中“夹杂物”概念及应用对古代钢铁材料工艺研究提供了有力的支持,夹杂物分析研究成为冶铁考古研究中不可或缺的一部分。本文梳理了不同古代金属冶炼与加工工艺下夹杂物的来源,并对古代夹杂物的表征方法进行归纳,进一步将夹杂物分析在国内外冶铁考古中的应用进行评述。西方学者的夹杂物研究侧重于以成分特征为主要对象进行定量统计分析,形成夹杂物判别产地来源方法；而我国学者则依靠定性判断方法建立起夹杂物辅助铁质文物工艺判别方法。当前古代钢铁制品夹杂物研究存在的问题主要为分析方法单一、对夹杂物包含信息的挖掘不够深入,今后可利用现代冶金分析手段从多方面了解古代钢铁制品夹杂物特征,为后续解决考古学问题打下基础。     

Identification of organic materials in icons of the Cretan School of iconography

The Cretan School of iconography is the last great flowering of the traditional Byzantine painting manner, which is however influenced by different schools and western art. Despite their historical significance, icons of the Cretan School have been rarely studied through modern chemical techniques and therefore very few information is available on the materials used by the Cretan painters. In the present investigation, the organic materials contained in several icons of the Cretan School of Iconography from the collection of the Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece, are analyzed and identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode Array Detector (HPLC–DAD) and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).The HPLC–DAD results provide support to a recently published report which showed that kermes used in “Cretan” icons of 15th century and early 16th century was replaced by cochineal which was used in icons dated after early 16th century. This trend is known for western art and it is now proved for Cretan icons, showing thus the influence of the Cretan painters by other European painting schools. Other dyes detected in the historical samples, extracted from Cretan icons are madder (possibly Rubia tinctorum L., according to HPLC profiles) and indigoid dyes. Oils, such as linseed and walnut oil, are identified in samples extracted from the seven icons tested by GC–MS. Egg yolk is identified in the extract of only one icon and animal glue, originated most likely from the gesso ground, is found in six samples. Other organic materials detected by GC–MS were wax, as well as synthetic resins, applied during conservation treatments.     

芷兰斋书跋赵元方题识《宋艳》十二卷

辛卯年秋拍期间，有三家拍场公司同时出现赵元方旧藏之本，看来是同出一源者，赵元方旧藏吾本已备，然预展时前往翰海翻看原物时，见有光绪十七年蝶园刻本《宋艳》十二卷，一函六册，其中四册封面上有朱笔题识，鲜艳可喜，遂与众藏家逐鹿，是书以一万二起拍，最后以四万落槌归吾囊中。