唐代越窑秘色瓷原产地地理考辨

从唐代越窑遗存来看,窑址相对集中在上虞曹娥江流域和慈溪上林湖四周。何处才是越窑秘色瓷的原产地?至今学术界还没有找到确凿的实物证据,也没有地方志记载,只有唐诗对越窑秘色瓷的记载较为详细。本文通过研读有关描写越窑、越瓷的唐诗,实地考证诗文中记载的越瓷产地的人物、地名和相关典故,结合窑址附近出土的墓葬志文和族谱,提出秘色瓷原产地"上虞说"的观点。     

Chemical Analysis of Starch‐Like Mineral Crystals to Eliminate Misidentification in Ancient Residue Research

To clarify issues involved in problematic identification of ancient starch granules, we investigated suspected granules found in residues from a Neolithic grinding stone in north‐east China. The chemical compositions of suspected granules and modern starch granules were tested via SEM–EDS. The results show that the elemental composition of the suspected granules mainly comprises O, S and Ca, which is similar to the composition of calcium sulphate, but quite different from that of real starch granules, which show high levels of C and O, with very low level of other elements. The findings in this study act as a warning that tiny mineral granules may be misidentified as starch, and also indicate that the method of SEM–EDS can be useful to confirm the nature of suspected granules in ancient starch analysis.     

New data on the singularly rare ‘cockroachoids’ from Xiaheyan (Pennsylvanian; Ningxia,China)

Wei, D.D., Béthoux, O., Guo, Y.X., Schneider, J.W. & Ren D., 2013. New data on the singularly rare ‘cockroachoids’ from Xiaheyan (Pennsylvanian; Ningxia, China). Alcheringa 37, 547–557. ISSN 0311-5518.

Additional material of stem-Dictyoptera, or ‘cockroachoids’, is described from the Early Pennsylvanian Xiaheyan locality (Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China). New specimens belonging to Qilianiblatta namurensis Zhang et al., 2012 Zhang, Z., Schneider, J.W. & Hong, Y., 2012. The most ancient roach (Blattida): A new genus and species from the earliest Late Carboniferous (Namurian) of China, with discussion on the phylomorphogeny of early blattids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11, 27–40.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] are described, as are several specimens belonging to a new species (viz., Kinklidoblatta youhei sp. nov.). Three further specimens might represent additional species, to be better documented before they could be formally named. The occurrence of a ‘vannus’ in forewings of K. youhei sp. nov. is demonstrated, and discussed in the light of data on extant Dictyoptera. The low abundance and comparatively low diversity of the group in the locality is challenging, and might be a consequence of taphonomic bias.

Dandan Wei [weidandanok@126.com], Yinxia Guo [kuaile422@163.com] and Dong Ren [rendong@mail.cnu.edu.cn], College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Olivier Béthoux [obethoux@mnhn.fr], CR2P UMR 7207, MNHN, UPMC, CNRS, eight rue Buffon, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France; Jörg W. Schneider [joerg.schneider@geo.tu-freiberg.de], Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Geology, Department of Palaeontology, Bernhard-von-Cotta Str. 2, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany. Received 22.3.2013; revised 17.5.2013; accepted 23.5.2013.     

The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation,Guizhou, South China

Wang, Y., Wang, Y. & Du, W., February 2016. The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou, South China. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

Grypania spiralis (Walcott) Walter et al., a macroalga previously reported in pre-Ediacaran successions, has been collected, together with abundant macrofossils (i.e., the Wenghui biota), from black shales of the upper Doushantuo Formation (ca 593 to 551 Ma) in northeastern Guizhou, South China. Morphologically, G. spiralis represents a carbonaceous ribbon with a continuum of forms from coiled to nearly straight. Its helicoid main body might have been suspended in the water column for photosynthesis with one end anchored or nestled into soft sediments. Grypania possessed morphological stability, and its habit endowed great competitiveness for sunlight. Remarkably, it did not change significantly in size or morphology over more than 1200 Myrs.

Ye Wang [gboywangye@126.com], School of Earth Sciences and Resources, PR China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; Yue Wang [gzyuewang@126.com] (corresponding author), School of Resources and Environments, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, PR China; Wei Du [duwei@ea.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp], Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.     

生物酶对跨湖桥遗址丝状真菌抑菌作用的研究

确定萧山跨湖桥遗址空气、土壤、字幕墙和独木舟侵蚀丝状真菌的种类,探讨生物酶对侵蚀丝状真菌的有效抑菌浓度,为消除生物危害提供参考依据。采用经典方法对侵蚀丝状真菌进行分离、鉴定,并对生物酶的有效抑菌浓度进行研究。空气中主要的丝状真菌有:黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、展青霉(Penicillium patulum)和圆弧青霉(Penicillium cyclopium)。土壤中主导菌为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)、杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)、圆弧青霉(Penicillium cyclopium)、展青霉(Penicillium patulum)、黑青霉(Penicillium nigricans)、宛氏拟青霉(Paecilomyces varioti)和枝孢霉(Cladosporium)。字幕墙侵染菌为杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)。独木舟侵蚀菌为宛氏拟青霉(Paecilomyces varioti)。不同的丝状真菌对生物酶的感应性/耐受性有很大不同。单一的几丁质酶对丝状真菌的生长发育有抑制作用,但几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶的复合协同作用更能有效地抑制丝状真菌的生长发育。     

文物保护中传统工艺科学化研究探析

近年来,中国传统工艺的研究不但取得了丰硕的成果,还逐步进入了新的研究高潮,中国文物保护修复界已率先提出了"传统工艺科学化研究"的呼吁。本文对目前国内出现的古建彩绘保护技术、古建琉璃构件保护技术、古纸修复技术等相关领域的传统工艺科学化研究案例进行分析,认为:传统工艺科学化研究是一种以传统工艺实地调查为基础、以现代科学知识和科学方法为科学化分析手段,并利用现代科学原理、科技理念进行工艺解释,最终实现建立一套规范化的传统工艺科学化体系的目的。但是,对传统工艺进行科学化研究也不可避免地具有方法上的局限性,因此在对传统工艺研究过程中仍需要尊重传统工艺的真实性,辨别使用科学化研究的方法。     

田螺山遗址灵芝遗存的三维重构及鉴定

灵芝在中国古代被誉为仙药,是当代中医药考古研究的重要线索。随着考古遗址陆续发现疑似灵芝遗存,其鉴定工作也成为当前的研究热点。传统灵芝的鉴定依靠子实体外观鉴别和孢子观察,但古代灵芝遗存很难完整保存下来,孢子观察方法需要大量标准样品对比,工作量非常大。为了更加高效地鉴别出灵芝遗存,在前人研究基础上,本研究利用显微CT成像,以田螺山遗址出土的疑似灵芝为例,对残留遗存进行了三维重构,并与当代标样进行了对比。结果表明该方法可以有效鉴别出灵芝子实体,为古代灵芝遗存的鉴别提供了新方法。与传统形貌对比方法不同,三维重构的方法不仅快捷、方便,且不受遗存外观的影响。该方法也可为其他具有特征性结构的古代植株的鉴别提供借鉴。     

霞浦屏风山遗址1件未知属性猪骨的碳和氮稳定同位素分析

霞浦屏风山贝丘遗址出土了1件未知属性猪骨样本,拟通过骨样的C、N稳定同位素分析,揭示此猪个体生前的食物结构特征,通过与已发表有关数据进行对比来推断该猪的属性。为此,对该骨样进行了骨胶原提取和碳氮稳定同位素比值测定。测得该猪骨样本骨胶原的δ~(13)C值为-12.2‰,δ~(15)N值为4.9‰。碳同位素比值显示该猪的食物结构中既包含C_3类植物,也包含C_4类植物,但更偏向于C_4类植物。而氮同位素比值则表明此猪个体营养级较低,摄入肉食较少,但仍高于对照组野猪及部分陆地野生哺乳动物的营养级。综合分析,研究认为该猪的食物结构在一定程度上依赖于人类的供应,应该是驯养的家猪。同时,该猪食物结构中的碳四植物来源提示该遗址可能存在粟作农业。     

政治-社会史:深化史学研究的新路径

自上世纪80年代社会史研究复兴以来,长期处于史学研究核心的政治史作为方法论的支配地位渐趋式微。但就政治与社会的密切关系、中国传统社会政治一体化的特征及社会史研究整体性目标的追求而言,“政治—社会史”的研究理应成为当前政治史研究的一个新路径。在坚持唯物史观、以历史学为本位的前提下,借鉴政治学、社会学与人类学等学科的理论与研究方法,由更广义的政治现象切入社会生活,考量政治与社会环境、社会结构、社会文化、社会治理等方面的互动关系及其影响,则可以深化传统的政治史的研究。