西方城市居住行为研究进展及其对中国的启示

改革开放40年以来,住房市场化转型使中国拥有了一个相对独特的住房制度环境,对城市空间结构、居民居住状况和民生福祉等各方面都产生了深远影响。中央政府明确强调需加快研究建立符合国情、适应市场规律的房地产基础性制度和长效机制,而这需要对城市居民微观居住行为进行深入研究。居住行为作为城市地理学的重要议题,近年来,相关研究虽不断涌现,但尚缺乏系统的理论梳理和实证研究总结。本文利用知识图谱可视化刻画了居住行为研究热点的演化,从居住迁移、住房产权获得、住房生涯三方面对西方相关研究进展和前沿进行评述,并进一步梳理了居住行为与城市空间的关系,以深化对城市居住空间分异机制的理解;在总结中西方差异的基础上,对中国现有实证研究进行了回顾;立足于中国国情和现有住房政策,分别从理论、内容、数据和方法三个方面对未来中国居住行为研究方向进行展望,旨在引起学术界对居住行为的关注,为推动中国居住行为研究理论构建、理解社会空间重构机制提供参考。     

裴头陀“驱蟒、开山、得金”等传说探赜

裴头陀是镇江金山悠久历史和丰富文化的重要组成。文章通过对镇江金山寺第二代开山祖师裴头陀若干传说进行文献考证,揭示从五代以来"头陀开山得金—裴头陀驱蟒得金建寺—裴休送子出家、裴头陀金山驱蟒建寺—法海就是裴头陀"的故事演变脉络,认为金山寺与南方各寺院故事相互融合演化,从而形成近代的传播格局,在僧俗界形成广泛影响;金山法海的法力来自佛教徒宣扬裴头陀的故事;金山裴头陀的传说与南方沿海各地裴真人、裴仙的民间信仰有着特殊渊源,是佛仙合流的另一种形式。     

Damage or protection? The role of smoked crust on sandstones from Yungang Grottoes

Black crusts, such as dust deposit and smoked smudge, are the main pollutants in Yungang Grottoes, the world famous Buddhist heritage site. It is always considered that the black crust should be removed during the conservation process of stones. In this paper, the investigation of the role of smoked crust on the Yungang sandstones was performed to verify if the smoked layer on the stone surface would be harmful or protective. The results of SO₂ corrosion experiments with and without water both show that the samples covered with smoked layer can play a protective role on the sandstones, which means that the smoked layer on the stones can prevent the attack of SO₂ and water, the major deterioration agents in Yungang area. The multi-factor deterioration cycle experiments, including salt crystallization, freeze–thaw damage, wet–dry cycle and acid corrosion, also indicate that the smoked samples are less deteriorated and salt crystallization is the most severe damage to the sandstones.     

黑龙江流域新石器时代人像雕塑研究

从现有认识出发,通过全面搜集和整理黑龙江流域新石器时代人像雕塑资料,对其时空范畴、造型特点、功能作用、地域差异等问题进行尝试性的探讨。认为黑龙江流域是目前我国新石器时代人像雕塑发现最早的地区,在公元前2500年—公元前2000年的黑龙江下游地区达到顶峰;采用浮雕和圆雕技术表现方式,突出塑造人物的面部特征,写实与抽象相结合;人像雕塑可能是原始宗教祭祀器具或巫术用品,与祖先崇拜、神祇崇拜相关,并经历了由家庭崇拜向氏族部落崇拜的转变过程。     

Negotiation of Social Values in the World Heritage Listing Process: A Case Study on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,China

This paper examines the World Heritage listing process for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to understand the sociopolitical meanings of heritage in contemporary China. Over the past four decades, the efforts of the Chinese government have been clearly geared towards improving governance over heritage sites by designating them as state properties, which requires the selection and evaluation of cultural heritage sites on the specific political meaning based on historical, aesthetic, or scientific value. In the process of World Heritage listing of Chinese heritage sties, the model of ‘state properties’ had to be compatible with UNESCO’s understanding of ‘heritage’, as well as economic benefits of heritage. Drawing on the data collected from the process of World Heritage listing of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper explores the integration of the social meanings of heritage into the ‘authorized’ values criteria, facilitating multiple uses of ‘heritage’ through collaboration among UNESCO, Chinese heritage officials, and local communities. It argues that practices of heritage that consider social meanings will integrate local communities’ understandings into political meanings of heritage on basis of central government’s interests. This paper shows how the social meanings of heritage create a dialectical relationship to enable a ‘living’ cultural process in the preservation of ‘state properties’. In addition, the social meanings of heritage allow all potential stakeholder groups to negotiate with the heritage bureaucracy, as well as strengthening the role of local interests in heritage policy.     

高校校园学生治安感知及犯罪恐惧的地理空间研究——以珠海市香洲区四所校园为例

近年随着高校的迅猛发展,校园扩张、开放性加大,其“社会生态性”愈发显著,校园治安问题也日益凸显。本文从空间层面切入,选取珠海市香洲区四所新建高校展开研究,结合实际案发情况、学生治安感知及犯罪恐惧等综合分析校园治安问题。研究通过问卷采集基础数据,利用统计分析方法研究学生治安感知与犯罪恐惧的情况,并运用GIS分析犯罪恐惧空间分布特征。研究发现学生对校园治安感知情况与实际案发情况基本相符,而犯罪恐惧与之并不完全一致;不同校园的犯罪恐惧案件类型和恐惧空间具有相似性,犯罪恐惧空间呈现昼夜差异。研究最后总结出犯罪恐惧集中的若干场所类型及其主要特征,并提出相应的提升安全感的普适性措施。     

Multi‐analytical Studies of Archaeological Chinese Earthen Plasters: The Inner Wall of the Longhu Hall (Yuzhen Palace,Ancient Building Complex,Wudang Mountains,China)

The Yuzhen Palace is one of the nine palaces in the Ancient Building Complex built by order of the Yongle Emperor during the Ming dynasty. The buildings were built with dressed black bricks. As a result of the planned national South–North Water Diversion project, the water level in the Danjiangkou Reservoir that surrounds the Yuzhen Palace was expected to rise by approximately 15 m. To avoid submersion of the site, three gates were elevated by 15 m in 2013 and other buildings dismantled, for later reconstruction. The characterization of the construction materials has therefore become of primary importance. Here, we present results on the plasters of the Longhu Hall. The analysis of materials involved a multi‐analytical approach combining optical and electron microscopy with X‐ray and vibrational spectromicroscopies and thermogravimetry. The results indicated the use of two earthen plaster layers and a whitewash finish coating applied over a thin preparatory intermediate layer to improve the adherence of the finish coating to the earthen plaster. Ramie and straw fibres identified in the earthen plasters were added to reduce shrinkage and cracking during drying. The raw materials used and the application technique pointed to a well‐established construction industry using traditional earthen building materials together with lime technology.     

古墨的制作工艺及保存问题的探讨

采用近代分析方法研究墨坯锤打过程中的物理化学机理,结合古墨的结构形貌分析,对其保存问题进行初步探讨。     

“九老仙都君印”钤印织物考释

近年钤有"九老仙都君印"的织物在江苏的明代墓葬中屡次发现。通过考证,可知此印文来源于茅山道教,名号指向道教教祖太上老君,同时道教认为该印具有诸般神力。以现有"九老仙都君印"钤印织物的发现情况来看,随葬此物是流行于明代中期常州地区的一种地域性葬俗,证明了当时茅山道教对于周边世俗丧葬习俗的影响力。     

居节生年考——兼谈几件传世居节和文徵明画作

居节是明代吴门的重要画家,文徵明高足,但明清画史却对其生平语焉不详,现代美术史亦是众说纷纭,且与部分居节传世作品所署年款相抵牾。本文通过目鉴和考证,认定几件传世的居节作品及与之相关联的文徵明作品中存在着作伪和改动等问题,从而厘清了居节生年与存世作品年代之间的矛盾,并与相关史料、文献相互印证,基本确认了居节的生卒年代。