浅论国际社会如何应对非法移民问题

近年来,非法移民问题日趋严重,已成为当今国际社会面临的一大难题。非法移民给许多国家带来了严重后果,止非法移民是国际社会的当务之急。非法移民是一个综合性的难题,必须运用经济、政治、法律、外交等多种手段,诸如加强出入管理,加强打击非法移民的立法,加强国际合作,缩小南北差距等。     

说“雷”及雷神

中国文字是象形文字,文字来自于现实中的事物,用实物解读文字是有效的方法。方辉《说"雷"及雷神》一文可谓以物解字的代表作。甲骨文中的■(申)字,先前的学者大多都认为是闪电的形状,并以此为基础考释相关文字。方辉:《说"雷"及雷神》认为所谓"■"(申),为雷公的侧视形象,由此推论甲骨文、金文中的"雷"字乃像雷公击鼓之形。雷公的原型为猴,而猴与申字相联。作者利用大量考古实物与文献资料相结合进行了缕析,将申、雷(公)、猴之间的联系,从商代卜辞到秦汉典籍、图像,一一罗列出来,做出了可信的分析和推论。在古代文献中,雷神的形象变化较多,鸟、猪、熊、龙等都曾作为雷神形象出现。但雷公为猴形的记载很多,民间流传也很广,《酉阳杂俎》描述雷神"忽骤风雨,有物堕如玃,两目睒睒。"《客中间集》也说"霹雳之中,亦有物焉,其形如猴而小,尖嘴肉翅,雷收声后,亦入蛰。山行之人,往往多于土穴中得之,谓之雷公"所以,将申、雷公与猴联系在一起十分可信。雷神在历史早期的信仰中占有重要地位,虽然随着宗教信仰和神灵系统的发展,雷神地位逐渐下降,但商周时期雷神地位依然十分重要。商周时期大量云雷纹,大家虽然相信其中含有宗教方面的意义,但都提不出具体的解释。如果方氏的结论成立,那么对于认识商周信仰将产生积极的影响。     

1980-2018年国外休闲动机研究进展

以“Web of Science核心合集”中1980—2018年共计931篇文献为样本，借助CiteSpace信息可视化软件及内容分析法，对国外休闲动机研究文献进行全面分析。研究结果表明，国外休闲动机研究分为起步探索（1980—2002年）和快速发展（2003—2018年）两个阶段；早期学者侧重休闲动机概念、理论、分类、量表等研究探索，21世纪以来，理论与实证、定量与定性分析相结合研究日益增多，研究内容更为丰富，主要包括不同群体休闲动机类型、行为特征及影响因素；休闲动机与休闲活动意向；休闲动机与休闲制约、休闲制约协商及休闲参与；休闲动机与休闲涉入；休闲动机与休闲满意度等影响关系及影响机制等；注重人文情怀，研究群体广泛，研究对象从青少年、大学生、高中生、旅游者、男性、职业女性、公园志愿者、自由露营者、远足者等普通群体转向老年人、家庭妇女、残障人士、儿童、疾病患者等社会弱势群体和特殊人群；休闲动机的跨文化研究成果也日渐增多。国外休闲动机研究成果对构建我国休闲动机研究理论及实践应用具有参考和借鉴价值。     

我国个体和私营经济法律地位的历史演变

党和国家对个体私营经济法律地位的认识及保护,有一个不断发展并逐渐深化的过程。在经历了1949～1954年有限发展、1956～1978年几乎绝迹的时期后,自改革开放以来,我国经济体制发生了很大变化,个体和私营经济相应地也迎来了1978～1992年大力发展的时期和1992～2003年蓬勃发展的时期,其法律地位也发生了巨大的变化。     

清宫通景线法画探析

西洋技法的介入对清代宫廷绘画的影响是十分明显的,体现在多种形式的艺术作品中,其中用以装饰宫室的贴落因为融入了西方透视画的因素而形成了视觉效果独特的通景线法画。本文力图通过追述透视画法在欧洲的传统以及流传至中国的背景,进而整理出清宫通景线法画出现及发展的脉络,并进一步探讨通景线法画所具有的审美价值和历史意义。     

磁州窑陶瓷雕塑艺术品浅谈

磁州窑是我国北方著名的民间瓷窑,其产品几乎涵盖了生活器具、陈设赏玩、宗教偶像和建筑装饰等所有品类。本文从陶瓷雕塑艺术的角度出发,选取部分出土于磁州窑址或馆藏的保存较好、价值较高的作品,从其造型艺术、装饰技法、施釉敷彩等方面分类作一综述和介绍。     

Adaptation in cultural industry under conservation pressure: case study of two Chinese embroidery clusters

Abstract

In this study, we explore how tension between ‘culture’ and ‘industry’ can be effectively dealt with in promoting cultural industry, taking the Chinese embroidery sector as an example. The diverging performance of two leading centers of Chinese embroidery production suggests that local adaptive and networking capabilities are essential in creating a new path out of the tension, and these capabilities are largely determined by local openness/flexibility, entrepreneurship, and linkage capacity. In Changsha, cultural conservatism prevails, and the local embroidery sector largely maintains traditional product styles and target customers, sticking to the historic path. It is in question, however, whether such a strong bias toward the high-culture segment of the industry is good for cultural heritage protection in the long run, given that the industry at standstill has faced increasing challenges in sustaining a solid local pool of skilled labor. In contrast, Suzhou’s local embroidery sector has actively responded to the changing market environment, through increased product segmentation and customization as well as intra/cross-industry collaboration. Such a flexible, scale-up strategy has helped the industry attract local talent and meet the market demand, while maintaining space for high-end artistic products.     

Early history of Chinese domestic sheep indicated by ancient DNA analysis of Bronze Age individuals

China has a long history of sheep husbandry, and has several indigenous sheep breeds. However, the exact geographic origin of Chinese domestic sheep remains unclear. To provide valuable genetic information for origin of Chinese domestic sheep, we performed an ancient DNA study on 22 sheep excavated from four Bronze Age archaeological sites in Northern China. Two lineages (A and B) were observed in ancient Chinese sheep, of which lineage A was predominant reaching a frequency of 95.5%. Furthermore, phylogenetic network showed that the most frequent haplotype in ancient sheep was the founder of lineage A. These results suggest that Lineage A may hold the key to understanding the origin of Chinese domestic sheep. Sequence sharing and principal component analysis showed that the ancient Chinese sheep had a close affinity to modern Chinese sheep. However, there was no significant breed structure among three modern Chinese sheep groups, making it difficult to determine their relationship to ancient Chinese sheep. Lastly, our results imply that ancient DNA analysis could provide a new way to investigate prehistoric East-West contact.     

Fast Nonlinear Analysis of Traditional Chinese Timber-Frame Building with Dou-Gon

ABSTRACT

This article presents a study of the applicability of fast nonlinear analytical (FNA) models in predicting the global response of Chinese traditional timber-frame building with Dou-Gon under seismic excitation. Efforts are made to overcome challenges in establishing simplified calculation models, and the corresponding dynamic equations are derived considering the mechanical behavior of sliding column root, mortise-tenon joint and Dou-Gon (bracket sets). Furthermore, nonlinear time-history analysis is conducted under different seismic excitations. Through a verification study, a good correspondence is obtained with previous shake-table test results. Seismic response analysis is also conducted to investigate the energy dissipation of column root sliding, mortise-tenon joint, and Dou-Gon. Subsequently, peak responses of column root and roof under increased values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) are also analyzed. And then, seismic isolation ability and damping characteristics of the model are discussed.