国共第三次“围剿”与反“围剿”探微

1931年国共在中央苏区展开的第三次“围剿”与反“围剿”,开场和结局都颇具戏剧性,整个“围剿”、反“围剿”进程,直接受制于国内外形势的变化。在国共两大主角的角力过程中,宁粤冲突和九一八事变,某种程度上成为国共武力斗争的搅局者。事实上,1930年代前后,国共之间的许多故事,都可以看到如是因素的介入,国共两大力量之外的“第三者”,为历史的走向增添了更多的变数。     

五帝时代(距今6-4千年)中国的气候

历史学研究表明,古代文献如《史记》记载的五帝:黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、唐尧、虞舜,可能应该视为一个时代,而不局限于五个人。获得较多支持的观点是:这个时代约在6-4kaBP,而且也不限于华夏集团,至少还包括东夷集团、苗蛮集团等。因此,从地望上讲,也不限于中原地区,还包括东部沿海及长江中游。考古学研究表明,6-4kaBP正是新石器时代晚期,后期可称为铜石并用时代。从考古文化来看,中原地区为仰韶文化中、晚期到龙山文化。东部地区为大汶口文化及(山东)龙山文化。其中在3500BC是仰韶文化中、晚期的交界,以及大汶口文化早、中期的交界。环境考古研究表明,6-4kaBP是一个由湿润气候向干旱气候转变的过渡时期。特别6.0-5.6kaBP有湿润气候的证据。4kaBP前后则明显进入晚全新世的干旱期,在此期间还包括5.5kaBP和4.2-4.0kaBP两次气候突变。现代气候资料及模拟研究表明,由早、中全新世的湿润气候向晚全新世的干旱气候转变的主要原因为岁差变化。但是,5.5kaBP及4.2-4.0kaBP的两次冷干气候突变,则可能与热盐环流的突然减弱有关,而热盐环流减弱可能是太阳活动减弱的结果。     

THE METOK ROAD OPEN TO TRAFFIC

Metok in Nyingchi Prefecture was the only county that did not have a road in the past. On October 31st, 2013, the Road to Metok was officially opened to the public. The opening of this road signified that now all counties in China can be accessed by road.     

From Revanchism to Ambivalence: The Changing Politics of Street Vending in Guangzhou

By focusing on Guangzhou's street‐vending policy transformation, this article explores how exclusionary practices of urban politics in China are undermined by those who it seeks to exclude and the progressive political climate that questions the exclusionary framework. The exclusion of street vendors in Guangzhou has been led by the National Sanitary City campaign as a revanchist project. It has been discovered that while the exclusionary strategies are rendered difficult to operate due to the resistance of street vendors who develop a flexible, individualized and small‐scale activism to maintain their livelihoods, the discourse of social harmony at national level has driven local authorities to seek alternatives expected to alleviate social resistance and address people's livelihoods. However, rather than an overturn of the punitive framework, an ambivalent approach, recognized in a recent critique of revanchism, has been adopted to mediate the tension between the needs to retain attractive city images and address the livelihoods of the poor in Chinese cities.     

Evidence for a Neolithic Age fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system in the lower Yangtze River Delta,China

Establishing stable cropping systems was vital in antiquity, assuring certain yields and enabling ancient people to settle, thus possibly causing various modern food habits and culture to form around the world, especially in cereal-cultivation-dominated countries. China, one of the most famous ancient agricultural countries, has a long history of rice planting, and the fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system is prevalent in the lower Yangtze region, which is considered a rice domestication center. However, its origin and cultivation pattern remain unclear. We studied a famous agricultural vestige, the Chuodun site, involved in rice planting in the lower Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, during the Neolithic Age. Clear evidence from archaeology, paleobiology, pedology and biogeochemistry suggest both that the rice fire-irrigation cultivation system formed during the Neolithic Age and that ancient peoples lived there steadily. Under this extensive cultivation system, soil structures and properties changed significantly; in particular, it left more black carbon in the soil and increased the organic carbon soil stability, which can be used to reconstruct prehistoric environments. Meanwhile, the prevalent fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system used by farmers in this area, though for a different purpose than ancient people, may be inherited from the Neolithic Age.     

淮河下游新石器时代的绚丽画卷──龙虬庄遗址与江淮地区古文化学术座谈会专家发言纪要

江淮东部是介于海岱地区和太湖地区之间的一个重要的考古学文化区。自５０年代初在江淮东部发现淮安青莲岗遗址并由此提出青莲岗文化的命名以来,江淮地区的考古工作始终受到考古学界的高度关注。而高邮龙虬庄遗址被评为１９９３年中国十大考古新发现之后,在考古学界也产生了较大的影响。围绕龙虬庄遗址的考古发现,探讨江淮东部原始文化和青莲岗文化,以及淮河流域古文化,对于推动中国考古学研究向纵深发展,有着积极的意义。在高邮召开的龙虬庄遗址与江淮地区古文化的座谈会上,来自北京和苏鲁豫皖浙的专家各抒己见,本刊将座谈会上有代表性的专家的发言经整理后以纪要的形式刊出,旨在对江苏乃至淮河流域的考古工作起到积极的推动作用。     

我国会展旅游发展中的问题与对策探析

我国会辰旅游的发展对我国的社会、经济、文化的大发展起到了很大的推动作用,但总的来说,我国会展旅游发展水平仍然很低,发展中存在着一些问题。本文针对会展旅游发展中的司题,对如何使我国会展旅游走上可持续发展的轨道作了初步探讨。     

谭正璧《三言二拍资料》札记

谭正璧的《三言二拍资料》一书是迄今为止研究明代白话短篇小说“三言”与“二拍”的最重要的小说资料参考书,其搜罗与“三言”与“二拍”成书有关的本事及相关资料十分宏富,足资学者研究所需。但该书也存在一些瑕疵：对所收资料多系罗列,对其与“三言”与“二拍”各篇的关系缺乏必要的深入考辨,故使本事与后出作品间的关系不甚明晰,特别是对本事的远源与近源的辨别上贵远贱近等;偶有资料失收;所录资料与“三言”与“二拍”并非相关等。本文就经眼材料为据,对此诸问题进行了必要的考辨。     

近代法国莱茵河“自然疆界”话语的流变(1450—1792)

"自然疆界"是近代法国的一个重要政治文化概念,它产生于中世纪后期主权国家兴起之时。作为自然疆界的莱茵河形象,诞生于文艺复兴时代,它以关于古代高卢的历史意象为依据,并逐步取代源自中世纪的"四河之境",为法国的理想空间形态的塑造提供了重要元素。17世纪,莱茵河自然疆界观念成为某种国民意识和公共舆论,为法国向莱茵河方向的扩张提供了观念上的支持。在启蒙时代,它更具和平主义色彩,与国家领土空间巩固的目标颇为契合。大革命初期,它再次进入扩张主义的话语,但其理论基础在于非历史的政治理念:自由和人民自决。这一话语三个世纪的历程见证了法国政治文化中关于国家东北边疆的记忆和认知的变迁,也反映了构建民族认同和国家地域实体的过程中不同理论和话语的转换与混杂;而革命时代产生的基于自由自决的民族构建论与德意志"语言论"民族认同的交锋,在今天尤其值得重新评估。     

THE FLOURISHING MYRICARIA DESV OF NGARI

<正>Myricaria Desv,known locally as to Myricaria Elegance,is a common plant on the plateau in Ngari.It has to be tough enough to survive on the plateau,put down roots,blossom and bear fruit profusely.Nevertheless, it never asks for repayment from either