Human subsistence strategy at Liuzhuang site,Henan, China during the proto-Shang culture (∼2000–1600 BC) by stable isotopic analysis

Since the discovery of the proto-Shang culture, created mostly by ancestors of the Shang clan from the late Neolithic Age to the early Shang period (∼2000–1600 BC), the subsistence strategy and lifestyle of humans in China during their movement southwards have been a great focus. Chinese literature and archaeological findings suggest that the proto-Shang societies were composed of different cultural groups and had various subsistence strategies. For example, at the Liuzhuang site, three types of burials, i.e., stone coffin, wooden coffin and earthen shaft-pit, are found. The wooden coffin and earthen shaft-pit burials had been adopted locally in the Central Plains since the Neolithic Age while the stone coffin burials were usually used by people living in Northeast China and had never been found in the Central Plains before. In this study, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses were performed on human bones from the Liuzhuang site and animal bones from Zhangdeng site in Henan province, China to determine whether different social groups had various accesses to food resources and whether their dietary difference was related to inequality in social status. Humans have mean δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of −7.6 ± 0.6‰ and 9.6 ± 1.0‰ (n = 19) respectively, which strongly indicates that humans rely primarily on C₄-based food. The main contribution of C₄-based food in their diet is from millet agriculture or animals that consume millet by-products. The isotopic spacing of carbon and nitrogen isotopic values between pigs and humans, between dogs and humans, and between cattle and humans, all imply that these animals were the main meat resources for humans. Surprisingly, the δ¹³C values and δ¹⁵N values of humans with different types of burials are quite close, indicating that they had equal access to food resources. This result suggests that the proto-Shang humans had adapted to the local subsistence strategy, and the local cultural factors in the Central Plains were very well integrated into proto-Shang culture.     

二十世纪二三十年代中国农村经济调查与研究评述

农村始终是中国现代化建设最广阔、最深厚的基础,因此关于农村调查及发展研究倾注了几代中国人的心血。20世纪上半叶尤其二三十年代的中国农村调查与研究主要有：晏阳初、梁漱溟的乡村建设试验区以及社会学家李景汉的定县调查;陈翰笙领导的保定、无锡农村重点调查和全国性抽查;国民政府首次以国家机关名义进行的农村经济普查与定期统计。此外,还有南京金陵大学美国人卜凯组织的大规模的农村调查和日本人“满铁”的华北农村调查。这些农村调查的目的不一。深浅有别。但客观卜都为日后的中国农村经济研究留下了颇有价值的资料。     

空间地理规律对区域(中国)发展过程的影响

运用空间地理规律探讨历史区域的空间发展过程,在古代中国具有十分良好有利的客观条件。本文基于较大空间尺度和较长历史时限,针对区域地理诸多分异现象的发生和变化,系统阐述了这一规律的三个方面(纬度地带性规律、经度省性和垂直地带性规律),在不同区域或地带空间发展过程中突出的表现特点和影响形式。     

博物馆数字化平台建设的探索与实践——以山西博物院为例

本文引用当前数字博物馆研究的最新成果,针对山西博物院信息化建设实践需要,按照可行的数字博物馆框架及运行模式,就本院遗产资源数字化平台建设提出构想,并探讨实践的可行性。     

TRAFFIC CONGESTION,POLYCENTRICITY, AND INTRAURBAN FIRM LOCATION CHOICES: A NESTED LOGIT MODEL FOR THE LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA

This study empirically investigates traffic congestion effects on agglomeration through the lens of firm location decisions. A discrete choice model is applied to examine new establishments’ location choices within the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Employment centers are defined as the choice set to explore the nature and role of intraurban agglomerations. The results show that metro‐wide congestion negatively affects the location choices of firms in the high‐order office‐related activities, while local congestion have positive impacts on those firms’ location decisions. In contrast, firms in production‐related activities are positively influenced by regional congestion but are negatively affected by local congestion levels.     

Origin of dolomites in the Cambrian (upper 3rd‐Furongian) formation,south‐eastern Sichuan Basin,China

The origin of large‐scale ancient dolomite is one of the most hotly debated topics in sedimentology. The Loushanguan group of the upper 3rd‐Furongian Cambrian series on the south‐eastern margin of the Sichuan Basin consists of numerous dolomites, and the origins of these dolomites have never been reported previously although they are probably good hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on a systematic analysis of petrology, fluid inclusions, carbon and oxygen isotopes, trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs), this study provides some unique insights into the origins of the dolomites. Four dolomite types have been identified in the study area: dolomicrite, fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite, fabric‐obliterative dolomite and saddle dolomite cement. In the dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite, high Sr contents (with respect to the fabric‐obliterative dolomite) and the lack of two‐phase aqueous inclusions suggest that they formed at shallow‐to‐intermediate burial depths at low temperatures (<50–60°C). Carbon and oxygen isotopes and seawater‐like REE+Y characteristics of the dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite indicate that the dolomitizing fluids were evaporated seawater or slightly modified seawater. The obliteration of the original sedimentary fabric and relatively low δ¹⁸O and Sr values compared to the fabric‐retentive dolomite indicate that fabric‐obliterative dolomite formed at intermediate‐to‐deep burial diagenesis. The chemical composition approaches pure dolomite and the REE+Y characteristics are similar to those of the fabric‐retentive dolomite, indicating that the fabric‐obliterative dolomite was formed due to the recrystallization of the previously formed fabric‐retentive dolomite at elevated burial depths and temperatures. High fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (115–150°C), low δ¹⁸O values, nonplanar‐a crystals and seawater‐like REE+Y characteristics suggest that saddle dolomite cement formed by reprecipitation of dolomite that related to seawater‐driven and deep burial fluid. In the study area, dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite may have been formed by penecontemporaneous or seepage‐reflux dolomitization during early‐stage diagenesis. Subsequently, during progressive burial, most of the fabric‐retentive dolomite was converted into fabric‐obliterative dolomite by recrystallization. This study confirms that fabric‐obliterative dolomite was the main dolomite type, and although deeply buried, these Cambrian dolomites most likely have preserved coeval seawater geochemical signals.     

略论抗战后期的知识青年从军运动

抗日战争后期于1943年11月正式发动的知识青年从军运动,是我国大、中学生在国民党战场战局危殆的紧急关头毅然大批入伍从军的群众运动。这一运动由国民政府主席蒋介石亲自发动,经国民党、三青团、政府兵役机关和教育部门的努力推进,迅速形成知识青年入伍当兵的热潮,不仅使抗日军队尤其是反攻缅北的中国驻印军获得了大批有知识的生力军,也使中国的兵役制度发生了重大的变化。     

工业革命前英国农业生产与消费再评析

工业革命前英国农业生产与消费水平至今仍是一个有争议的问题。本文的基本观点是,高效农业是工业革命的基础,大众生活水准提高、劳动力价格上扬以及近代国内消费市场形成是工业革命的直接拉动力。作者系统梳理了中外资料,对工业革命前英国农业生产和消费水平再次进行剖析和评估,旨在说明英国农业经济的发展经历了漫长而扎实的孕育过程,工业革命的发生不是偶然的,主要也不是外力作用的结果,从而为有兴趣与《大分流》讨论的同仁提供西欧方面的参考数据。     

《大清一统志》中“原额人丁”的来源——以江南为例

本文以江南为例,揭示了三版《大清一统志》中"原额人丁"的来源以及各地"原额人丁"的建构过程,证明"原额人丁"来源于乾隆《江南通志》中复杂多样的"人丁"记录。"原额人丁"的涵义复杂,定义不一,没有统一的标准,在研究中不假思索地利用这些数字是极其危险的。