Clarifying the Standard Deviational Ellipse

For a set of geographical units in the Cartesian coordinate system, the locus of the standard deviation of the x coordinates of the set forms a closed curve as the system is rotated about the origin. This curve, often referred to as “standard deviational ellipse” (SDE), is not in fact an ellipse. The actual shape of the curve has remained unclear since the issue was mentioned initially by Lefever in 1926. In the present paper this closed curve, referred to as “standard deviation curve” (SDC), is clarified mathematically, and some of its applications in spatial analysis are discussed. The shape of SDC changes from a single circle to double circles when the distribution of the set of geographical units changes from an even condition to a straight line. The shape of SDC is determined explicitly by the ratio of its minor axis to its major axis. This ratio, therefore, is a useful index to show to what extent the distribution of a set of geographical units is circular, or linear. In addition, the size and radius of SDC can be used to indicate the distribution density of geographical units. The major axis of SDC, whose angle is determined explicitly for the first time, indicates the major orientation of geographical units. A program has been developed to apply SDC to spatial analysis (mean center, major orientation, distribution density, circular condition, etc.). The program is available from jx_gong@hotmail.com . It is written in the MapBasic language, and runs under MapInfo.     

中国新石器时代文化演变动力分析

对多年来积累的气候资料的综合分析表明:在全新世期间有两个比较明显的温暖期。它们的时间分别为8～6kaBP(校正成日历年龄大约为9～7calkaBP)和5～3kaBP(日历年龄大约为5.5～3.2calkaBP)。文化的发展很大程度上受到了环境条件的制约。在前一个温暖期的后半段(8～7calkaBP),北方旱作农业(磁山文化、大地湾文化、兴隆洼文化)发展起来。南方稻作农业要在7.0～6.0calkaBP才初具规模。而6.0～5.5calkaBP的气候冷干事件使得南北方文化均有不同程度的衰退,但是南方受到的影响要小于北方。在后一个温暖期到来之后(5.5～3.2calkaBP),分别以龙山文化和良渚文化为代表的南北方新石器文化几乎同时进入发展史上的另一个黄金时代。尽管南北方文化体系对于气候变化的响应有所差异,并且不同时期不同地域文化发展动力也不尽相同,但是从大的时空尺度上来看,我国的新石器时代发展经历了如下阶段:最早期文化萌芽阶段(10calkaBP)——早中新石器时代之间的文化相对衰退期(10～8calkaBP)——新石器时代中期的北方农业文明崛起(8～7calkaBP)——7.0～6.0calkaBP的南方稻作农业的极大发展期——6.0～5.5calkaBP的文化衰退期——新石器时代晚期(5.5～4.0calkaBP)文化的极大繁荣。其间一些大的文化演替或者转型事件的时间在各地也大致相同。说明这种大的文化演进过程还是受到了同一个信号的支配,而只有环境气候因素才可能影响到如此大的范围。     

从“三位一体”到“四位一体”——中国特色社会主义事业总体布局的历史演变

改革开放以来,中国特色社会主义事业总体布局在理论上经历了由经济建设、政治建设、文化建设三位一体的初步形成到逐步明确,再到经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设四位一体的渐进发展过程。在工作安排上,社会建设的具体内容一直不同程度地体现在总体布局之中,越来越为党和国家所重视。随着我国经济社会的发展,三位一体总体布局中社会建设具体内容的边缘性和模糊性,客观上要求突破总体布局原有的框架。四位一体总体布局是对我国社会主义初级阶段社会主要矛盾认识深化的必然结果,是应对社会变革和发展新特征的理论创新,是解决经济社会发展不协调问题的必然要求。     

从冯梦龙《山歌》谈吴歌的传承与发展

吴地山歌又称吴歌,其产生发展源远流长,流传区域早已不限于吴语地区。明代中晚期,是吴歌发展的极盛时期,冯梦龙就是这个时期最具影响力的代表人物。他以大量的精力从事吴歌俗曲的采集、整理、编辑、评点,刊印了《挂枝儿》《山歌》两本民歌专集,对我国的民间文学事业作出了重大的贡献。作为冯梦龙家乡和吴歌传唱中心的苏州,新中国成立以来,在吴歌的挖掘、研究方面做了大量工作。2006年,吴歌被列入首批国家非物质文化遗产保护名录。近几年来,随着冯梦龙文化研究的不断深入,在吴歌的保护与传承、创新与发展方面开展了一系列的活动,取得了一定成果,对于弘扬优秀传统文化,繁荣新时代文化事业具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Fluid inclusion and isotopic constraints on the origin of ore‐forming fluid of the Jinman–Liancheng vein Cu deposit in the Lanping Basin,western Yunnan,China

Extensive quartz–carbonate–Cu sulfide veins occur in clastic rocks and are spatially related to Paleocene granites in the western border of the Lanping Basin, western Yunnan, China. Abundant aqueous‐carbonic fluid inclusions occur in these veins but their origin is debated. In the Jinman–Liancheng deposit, individual primary inclusion groups contain either exclusively liquid‐rich inclusions (Gl), or coexisting liquid‐rich and vapor‐rich inclusions (Glv). Microthermometry and estimate of CO₂ content indicate that type Gl inclusions either have homogenization temperatures (Th) 238–263°C and contain c. 3.9–5.5 mole % CO₂, or have Th 178–222°C and contain c. 1.6–3.2 mole % CO₂. Type Glv inclusions are thought to represent samples of fluid unmixing that occurred at 183–218°C. At that time, the liquid phase in the unmixing fluid may contain c. 2.0–3.3 mole % CO₂. As such, the correlation of CO₂ content with Th for type Gl inclusions is thought to be caused by fluid unmixing with decreasing temperature and subsequent CO₂ escape. δ¹⁸O and δD values of the parent water mainly fall in the field below that of primary magmatic water, indicative of fluid derivation from degassed (in open system) magmatic water, with no contributions from basinal or meteoric water. Initial Sr isotopic compositions of hydrothermal carbonates suggest that the fluid was magmatic, probably derived from the Paleogene granites. δ¹³C_PDB values (?4‰ to ?7‰) of the hydrothermal carbonates and δ³⁴S_V‐CDT values of sulfides (mainly ?11‰ to +5‰) indicate that the carbon and sulfur can be derived from (degassed) magma and/or nonmagmatic sources. The CO₂‐rich and magmatic‐water‐derived fluid at Jinman–Liancheng differs from the CO₂‐poor and basinally derived fluid in sediment‐hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits, which suggests that there are no genetic linkages between the vein Cu and SSC deposits in the Lanping Basin.     

《汉书·地理志》脱漏九县补考

成书于公元54～92年间的《汉书·地理志》记载西汉设县数目总数是1587个。但《汉志》正文所列县名总数只有1578个,尚有九县脱漏。本文利用秦汉玺印、封泥、简牍等出土文物,结合文献,补考《汉志》所缺九县。     

VILLAGE HEAD DUODUO’S HAPPY LIFE

It was July 3, 2012. The sky had cleared after rain and the ancient Namseling manor looked magnificent against a backdrop of blue sky and white clouds. The little courtyard of Duoduo, the village head, is right behind the manor. For centuries, generations of feudal lords living in the manor had owned the land.     

Old Shezang＇s Story

The Namseling Manor rests on a site by a river, south of Samye Monastery and within the boundary of Namseling Village, County of Chanang in Lhoka Prefecture. The Manor was built during the Phagdrup regime. The Namseling Manor is a model of Tibetan feudal serfdom society. As an early, large-scalemanor house built in a time when Tibetan society lived under a serf-based regime, Namseling has survived hundreds of years as a witness to the formation and development of a feudal manor. After democratic reform in Tibet, the Namseling Manor stood deserted for more than half a century. The present manor, no longer what it once was, has embraced many life stories, including that of Shezang. The now elderly Shezang was born in Nagqu in 1927. Both his parents were servants in the nobleman＇s household. At 14 he was taken to Lhasa to work as a babysitter. The next year his parents passed away one by one. A fellow villager told him the news when he returned to Namseling at 26. Shezang has a younger sisterbut they were separated in Nagqu when both were still young. They never met again.     

汉简所见西北边塞的流动人口及社会管理

汉简中所见西北边塞的流动人口主要有客、商人、僦人、亡人、流民等,来源不一、身份复杂,具有特殊性.他们往返于边塞地区,既促进了边塞经济发展、文化交融,也带来了管理等一系列问题.汉朝采取严格的检查、审核制度和登记、汇报程序,依据法律对流动人口进行分类管理,并且有安抚民心、化解纠纷的配套措施,有效解决了流动人口问题,维护了边塞安全.     

准噶尔汗国时期卫拉特蒙古诸部联姻述论

准噶尔汗国时期的卫拉特蒙古诸部联姻是卫拉特历史和诸部关系史上重要一章,对清朝统一多民族国家进程具有深远影响.本文利用汉、蒙、藏文资料,特别是我国尚未翻译出版的俄文档案资料,通过梳理联姻史实,归纳联姻特点,进而指出诸部联姻在加强土尔扈特和祖国联系及维护多民族国家统一具有重要历史作用.