山东沂水纪王崮春秋大墓墓主蠡测

山东沂水纪王崮春秋大墓的墓主究竟属于春秋时期的哪个小国,为中国考古学界出了个难题,目前已有多位学者提出好几种说法。通过对墓中出土的青铜盂铭文"邛"字的分析,结合纪王崮春秋大墓的具体地理位置,笔者以为邛国最有可能是指《左传》中提到的项国,并对此说法进行了论证说明。     

Cultivation of Naked Barley by Early Iron Age Agro-pastoralists in Xinjiang,China

ABSTRACT

We report an archaeobotanical analysis of flotation samples taken from Shirenzigou, an Early Iron Age agro-pastoralist site dated between the fourth and first century BC, located on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China. The charred macro-botanical assemblage is dominated by naked barley grains with a few broomcorn and foxtail millet grains. In the context of Trans-Eurasian exchange of cereal crops, southwest Asian crops (wheat and barley) and two Asian millets (broomcorn and foxtail) were introduced to Xinjiang a few centuries to a millennium before Shirenzigou was occupied. The choice of barley cultivation in preference to wheat and millet may have been possibly driven by the relatively extreme local environment and the scheduling requirements of mobile pastoralism. Barley is well suited to this environment, and the choice of naked barley in preference to hulled barley may have been driven by the whole grain tradition prevailing in East Asia.     

Isotopic Reconstruction of the Late Longshan Period (ca. 4200–3900 BP) Dietary Complexity before the Onset of State‐Level Societies at the Wadian Site in the Ying River Valley,Central Plains,China

During the late Longshan period (ca. 4200–3900 BP) settlements on the Central Plains of China underwent a diversification in food production technologies, which set the stage for rapid economic and social development. The introduction of novel domesticates such as rice, wheat, cattle, and sheep not only provided more food choices, but also changed ideas concerning land use, farming techniques, and the use and mobilization of large scale labor forces. To better understand the contribution that these new dietary items and practices made to shaping the late Longshan period societies, a stable isotope ratio study of humans (n = 12) and animals (n = 42) was conducted at the late Longshan period site of Wadian. The human δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values are clustered into two distinct groups. One group of nine individuals (δ¹³C = −9.9 ± 0.7‰; δ¹⁵N = 7.5 ± 0.5‰) had a predominately C₄ diet based on millet grains with little protein input from the domestic animals. The other group of three individuals (δ¹³C = −14.3 ± 0.8‰; δ¹⁵N = 10.2 ± 0.3‰) had a mixed C₃/C₄ diet of millets and rice and were consuming sheep and cattle. The animals also displayed dietary diversity with the pigs (δ¹³C = −11.3 ± 2.5‰; δ¹⁵N = 6.9 ± 1.0‰, n = 10) and dogs (δ¹³C = −10.1 ± 1.0‰; δ¹⁵N = 7.2 ± 1.1‰, n = 7) having mostly a C₄ plant based diet (millets). In contrast, the cattle (δ¹³C = −12.8 ± 2.1‰; δ¹⁵N = 7.6 ± 0.7‰, n = 9), sheep (δ¹³C = −16.7 ± 0.9‰; δ¹⁵N = 7.6 ± 0.1‰, n = 2), and cervids (δ¹³C = −20.8 ± 0.9‰; δ¹⁵N = 5.0 ± 1.2‰, n = 10) had diets with a greater contribution from C₃ sources such as rice and wild plants. The discovery that humans and animals had different subsistence patterns indicates dietary complexity at Wadian and that rice agriculture, and cattle and sheep husbandry practices were already an important part of the local economy by the late Longshan period in the southern region of the Central Plains of China. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Isotopic Perspective on Animal Husbandry at the Xinzhai Site During the Initial Stage of the Legendary Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC)

Located in the Central Plains of China, the early Xia Dynasty site of Xinzhai (2050 BC–1750 BC) with large archaeological features and exquisite artifacts of jade and copper is pivotal for probing the origin and formation of Chinese civilisation. Here, stable isotope ratios analysis, supplemented by zooarchaeological results, was used to investigate the exploitation and management of animals utilised by humans. It was demonstrated that a diverse pattern of animal raising and exploitation was present at the Xinzhai site. The domestic pigs were fed with substantial amounts of millets or their byproducts to guarantee a food source for the dietary demands of the humans. Dogs were also found to have consumed large amounts of C₄ protein sources, likely in the form of human food scraps or leftovers. The domestic herbivores, sheep and cattle, showed different dietary characteristics in that the former mainly grazed in the natural environment, while the latter species were fed with large amounts of C₄ products. This intra‐species variation was somewhat related to their physiological characteristics but seems to have been more determined by their different status in social and ritual activities. Thus, this research at Xinzhai provides a glimpse of the organisation of animal resources during the initial formation of Chinese civilisation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

日本古代国家形成史研究中的几个问题

古代国家形成的基本前提至少有两点:一是古代国家都是建立在已拥有相当规模的生产性经济的社会之上的。二是古代国家是从社会资源被不平等占有的社会中产生的,从这个意义上讲,古代国家就是一种在必要时用强制力维护对于基本资源的不平等占有的政治组织。本文讨论了日本古代国家形成史上的几个问题,如中国正史中提到的弥生时代"百余国"的性质、原始官制的产生、中国王朝与邪马台国倭女王的关系、4世纪以后的西日本统一王国、古代日本律令制国家的政体性质等。本文指出,日本古代国家是相对独立地由生活在日本列岛上的人们建立起来的;日本古代国家是在东亚世界历史发展的大背景下形成的,外部因素对日本国家的形成起了极大的作用;与东亚大陆上的原生国家相比,日本古代国家的形成过程是很短暂的。     

"中国"一词和中国疆域形成再探讨

本文对“中国”一词含义的发展、变化及中国疆域形成的途径进行了探讨。作者认为对“中国”一词的含义,历史上有过5次大的变动,即周以前、西周至战国、秦汉至唐、宋元明时期、清代到民国。到第五个阶段,“中国”一词始具有了现代中国的含义。中国疆域是历史上形成的,有一个发展过程,这个过程的复杂内容,可概括为一个中心、两种发展模式。     

《大清一统志》之西域新疆统部的纂修及其学术价值

《大清一统志》曾经先后三次纂修,乾隆二十九年开始的第二次纂修,其主要目的就是修纂《大清一统志》之西域新疆统部。此部在编纂方式上继承初修本其他统部的体例并有创新,内容记载丰富,对研究清代新疆地区政治、经济、文化、地理、民族状况都有着不可低估的价值。     

川陕苏区“改制代用币”初论及藏品辨析

川陕苏区是第二次国内革命战争时期,中国共产党领导川陕苏区人民共同创建的一个重要革命根据地,是中华苏维埃共和国第二个大的区域。川陕苏区在革命政权中建立的金融体系是工农民主专政强有力的工具。它在支援革命战争,发展工农业生产,促进商品流通,支持合作化运动,巩固苏维埃政权等方面,发挥着重要的作用。根据现有史料和藏品实物,川陕苏区发行流通的货币有三种类型:1·苏维埃货币,有布币、纸币、铜币、银币、锡币五种及鄂豫皖苏区纸币(内部流通);2·仿制民国货币,有铜币、银币两种;3·改制代用币(简称改用币)。本文就第三种货币作一初步论…     

区域性环境污染的自治理机制设计与分析

本文分析了征收排污费、产权交易和排污权许可交易制度在解决区域性环境问题方面的优劣和自治理机制设计分析,结论是:排污权许可交易制度在解决相对封闭区域的环境污染问题方面是最优的,并且通过建立污染市场是能够有效运行的。     

“反俄阴谋”——内容、根源与评析

从20世纪80年代末至今,俄国社会涌现出大量以反俄阴谋为题材的著作,在俄罗斯国内外产生很大影响,成为一个值得关注和分析的社会-文化、政治-意识形态现象。本文尝试超越简单肯定、认同或粗暴否定、贬斥这两种态度,较为系统地梳理有关反俄阴谋的主要内容,试图从认识论、历史观等方面剖析其根源和实质,为认识当代俄罗斯思想演变提供新的路径和参照系。