The Era of Non-Violence: ‘Terrorism’ and the Emergence of Conceptions of Non-Violent Statehood in Western Europe, 1967–1983

This article aims to reveal the changing semantics of violence in the three West European societies most affected by ‘terrorism’ from the late 1960s to the early 1980s: Italy, France and Germany. Specifically, this article traces the emergence, the trajectory and the impact of a coding of debates concerning political legitimacy during this period, which revolved primarily along the binary opposition of violence and non-violence. Its focus is on the dialectic interaction between these interpretive schemes and the occurrence of physical violence. The discourses on violence and non-violence made some forms of actions possible and legitimate. Conversely, violent and non-violent collective action transformed the meaning and structure of the discussions. This article argues that, despite all the bloodshed, this period saw the beginnings of an era of non-violence in the political cultures of the three countries.     

Reviews

THE RELEVANCE of ‘closure theory’ to archaeology is discussed, and it is argued that the role of material culture in shaping medieval group identities was enhanced by taxation on movable property during the 13th century. Emphasis on monetary value led to concepts of ranking expressed in sumptuary laws and the use of symbols in late medieval contractual society.     

Exceptional preservation of a prehistoric human brain from Heslington,Yorkshire, UK

Archaeological work in advance of construction at a site on the edge of York, UK, yielded human remains of prehistoric to Romano-British date. Amongst these was a mandible and cranium, the intra-cranial space of which contained shrunken but macroscopically recognizable remains of a brain. Although the distinctive surface morphology of the organ is preserved, little recognizable brain histology survives. Though rare, the survival of brain tissue in otherwise skeletalised human remains from wet burial environments is not unique. A survey of the literature shows that similar brain masses have been previously reported in diverse circumstances. We argue for a greater awareness of these brain masses and for more attention to be paid to their detection and identification in order to improve the reporting rate and to allow a more comprehensive study of this rare archaeological survival.     

First chronometric dates (TL and OSL) for the Aurignacian open-air site of Româneşti-Dumbrăviţa I,Romania

Currently, absolute dates for the emergence of the Early Upper Paleolithic and the timing of the earliest dispersal of anatomically modern humans (AMH) into Europe are sparse. This is especially true for regions adjoining the Eastern Mediterranean and Central Europe with its dense clusters of sites along the Austrian and German Danube Valley. This article makes a first step toward filling this gap and, for the first time, presents absolute ages for the open-air site of Române?ti-Dumbr?vi?a I (Banat, SW Romania) located close to the Oase Cave where some of the oldest AMH fossils were found. A set of heated artefacts recently excavated from the Aurignacian layer GH3 was dated by thermoluminescence (TL) and gives early chronometric dates for this technocomplex in Romania.     

Novellierung des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes vom 3. April 2002

Bereits das Ma? der übereinstimmung ist auch für den unbefangenen Betrachter ein Hinweis auf das Fehlen wirklicher überraschungen. Das Gesetz stellt sich als Destillat der naturschutzfachlichen Diskussion der letzten Jahrzehnte dar und bringt keine wirklich grunds?tzlichen ?nderungen mit sich. Vorherrschend ist eine St?rkung der Programms?tze, neben wenigen Verbesserungen auf der Vollzugsebene. Kernstücke der ?nderung sind die Neufassung der Leitbestimmungen (§§ 1, 2 BNatSchG), die Einführung eines l?nderübergreifenden Biotopverbunds (§ 3 BNatSchG), die Normierung von Grunds?tzen guter fachlicher Praxis in der Landwirtschaft (§ 5 Abs. 1 BNatSchG), die St?rkung der Landschaftsplanung (§§ 12ff. BNatSchG), die Neufassung der Eingiffsregelung (§§ 19ff. BNatSchG) sowie die St?rkung der Beteiligungsrechte anerkannter Naturschutzvereine in Verbund mit der bundesgesetzlichen Einführung der Verbandsklage. Diese Aspekte der Neuregelung werden im folgenden dargestellt.