古代中国人造蓝紫硅酸铜钡颜料

这篇文章是对四件附着有硅酸铜钡颜料的中国古代器物的研究。其中三个样品是彩陶颗粒,来自甘肃省张家川马家源遗址,它属于战国晚期（474-221BC）。另外是对山东章丘威山汉墓壁画上的（206BC-8AD）单个晶体的单独研究。一个彩陶颗粒样品和单个晶体表明有中国深蓝（BaCu2Si2O7）存在,这是一关于硅酸铜钡的新发现。相对于已知道中国蓝（BaCuSi4O10）和中国紫（BaCuSi2O6）,这种BaCu2Si2O7成分被称为中国深蓝,该彩陶颗粒的颜料层也含有中国蓝中国紫。还运用了SEM和EDX对其表面形态的分析和通过拉曼光谱对中国蓝、中国紫元素成分的分析。x射线对单个晶体的分析知道了BaCu2Si2O7化合物的结构。通过现代仪器的综合分析研究,推断前期硅酸铜石英相谱图,白色Ba2CuSi2O7成分,仅有很小的可能性在历史遗迹中找到该颜料。     

Genauigkeit — was ist das? Wandel des Konzeptes zwischen Antike und Neuzeit

Since the concept of reality has been dominated by the methods of modern natural science, the criteria of precision have been restricted to exact measurement, i.e. quantification required by experimental science and technology. In premodern times, however, the paradigm according to which reality was conceived, designed a universal correspondence of substances and processes by the construction of analogies. These had a kind of ‘semantical’ precision, though different from mathematical, nevertheless in the end leading to mathematical proportionality. This premodern type of precision is explained by examples from Anaximenes and Plato.     

甘肃玉门火烧沟遗址出土红-黄色混合颜料的再分析

古代颜料的科学分析一直是考古学研究和艺术史研究的重要内容,分析和确定颜料的矿物成分,对于中国古代科技史研究具有很重要的意义。本工作利用扫描电子显微镜和激光拉曼显微镜对玉门火烧沟遗址出土的红黄色颜料进行了分析,确定了红黄色混合颜料是雄黄、拟雄黄、三氧化二砷、硫磺与石膏的混合物。     

Visualisierungen in der deutschen Geographie des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Beispiele Robert Schlagintweit und Hans Meyer

Visualization in 19^th‐century German geography: Robert Schlagintweit and Hans Meyer as examples. – Visual representations of nature formed an essential part of 19^th‐century earth sciences. In particular, colonial photography – as a visual source, and as an instrument of the construction of national identities – serves essential research interests of current history and social sciences. The present paper is a case study on the role and function of photography in German geography of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. It focuses on the work of the Munich geographer Robert Schlagintweit (1833–1885) and the Leipzig colonial geographer Hans Meyer (1858–1929); the early history of photography in India and the function of images in the geographical exploration of overseas territories are discussed. Although there is nearly half a century between the work of R. Schlagintweit and H. Meyer, their photography shows remarkable parallels. The ideas of both on the practice of visualization are rooted in pedagogic and didactic concepts as well as in popular science. For both geographers photography was essentially a technical help, which often needed graphic revisions. And they both preferred photography to depict people and buildings (compared, for instance, to landscapes). Concerning the more comprehensive question of how far their photography transmitted a specific German ‘image of abroad’, it is indicated that such a specific image should have its essential roots in a peculiar visual culture of German earth sciences in the first half of the 19^th century. Thus the paper offers a starting point for further studies discussing the change from a ‘Biedermeier image’ of foreign cultures to a more ‘colonial’ one in 19^th‐century German geography.     

利用电子束固化甘油甲基丙烯酸酯加固剂保护秦俑彩绘

考古出土物的长期保存是一项研究主题,保护的问题在于考古出土物的内部结构在失去稳定性前得到处理：秦俑彩绘保护是一个典型例子,因为彩绘底层容易从基体脱离。解决问题的方法是：让HEMA（羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯）单体渗透到内部并利用电子束辐照聚合。这样,就会得到牢固的加固层。表面的聚合过程会由于空气氧化作用而停止,并形成自然加固表面。然而,缓慢的扩散作用会导致保护处理后出现亮瘫。在加入了甘油甲基丙烯酸酯后,整个电子束加固过程得到有效控制;这种单体的有效合成为加固的先决条件。恰当的GMA和HEMA配比以及电子束辐照处理,可形成具有一定弹性、不玄光、不发粘的加固表面,并具有长期的稳定性。另外,其加入可以有效降低辐照剂量至之前的一半。其极性加固材料可使考古出土物在高湿条件下也具有长期的稳定性。因而对解决其他考古问题也有一定借鉴意义。     

当代德国史学界国际关系史研究新趋势

近年来,德国史学界的国际关系史研究发生了一系列变化,其研究内容不仅仅包括传统的外交关系,而且也包括国家和非国家行为人跨民族、跨文化的交往。虽然强调文化的重要性的观点只在小范围内得到贯彻,但是对外交官身边的人的研究、对正式外交关系建立之前的前外交活动的研究日益增多。以往有关国家关系研究主要是以欧洲为中心的,现在,欧洲国家同欧洲以外的"异文化边缘共同体"的关系也被列入国际史学研究的日程表了。     

Die Entdeckung des Unbewußten um 1900: Wissenschaftshistorische Anmerkungen zu Sigmund Freud

The Discovery of the Unconscious by Henri F. Ellenberger has become a common topic in the historiography of (dynamic) psychiatry. But many users of this term have still the opinion that Sigmund Freud was the unique discoverer. In reality there was a scientific context at the fin de siècle, which corresponded intensively with Freud's original concepts and formed their implications (e.g. Darwinism, Neurophysiology). Besides well-documented synchronic analogies Freud implanted diachronic traditions within his psychoanalytic theory. Especially, his main work The Interpretation of Dreams implies Greek mythology as well as natural philosophy of romanticism. Freuds special concepts like ‘transfer’ and ‘resistance’ have to be analysed as historical metaphors.     

Archaeological Research in Conflict Areas: Practice and Responsibilities

This paper discusses the relationships between ethics and archaeological fieldwork. It represents the author’s reflections on her own archaeological work in an area, Lebanon, which has in recent times been wracked by considerable violence. The stimulus for the paper came mainly from the question posed by the session organizers and editors of this issue: what would constitute ethical archaeological practice, especially in situations of war and violence but also in cultural contexts in which different approaches to understanding and valuing historical knowledge predominate than those typically held by archaeologists. Two concrete examples from my own fieldwork in Beirut and Kamid el-Loz make clear how the scientific interests of historical-archaeological research and those of people who live in the research area can be reconciled despite specific instances in which they diverge.