两面精美的初唐铜镜

陕西历史博物馆收藏铜镜上千面,其中两面初唐铜镜器体厚重,制作精良,堪称精品。     

重读《仰韶文化研究》——严文明先生仰韶文化研究的理论与实践

仰韶文化是中国第一个被发现和命名的考古学文化,自1921年至今已经有了近90年的研究历史。同时,她历时两千多年,占据中国腹地,历史地位至关重要,自安特生以来的很多学者都将其作为早期中华文化的象征。而专门研究仰韶文化的学术著作,则以北京大学考古文博学院严文明先生的论文集《仰韶文化研究》最具代表性。     

曹操用儒 文定中原

东汉末年曹操能够在雄豪并起的北方脱颖而出,统一中原,传统观点普遍认为是因曹操擅长法术、善于用兵,与其谥号“武帝”相符。本文推研众多史料后发现,曹操取胜中原的关键是他在东汉末年特殊的社会背景下采取了正确的“用儒”政策,借儒家的大旗笼络了一大批以儒家名士为代表的世家大族,致使“天下忠正效实之士成愿为用”壮大了自己的势力,得以逐鹿中原。     

Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse

Domestic horses played a pivotal role in ancient China, but their exact origin remains controversial. To investigate the origin of Chinese domestic horses, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 35 horse remains, aged between 4000 and 2000 years, excavated from nine archaeological sites in northern China. The Chinese ancient horses exhibited high matrilineal diversity, falling into all the seven haplogroups (A–G) observed in modern horses. These results suggest that several maternal lines were introduced into the gene pool of Chinese horses in the past. Haplogroups A and F were more prevalent in ancient horses than the other haplogroups. Interestingly, only haplogroups A and F were present in the samples older than 4000 years, while the more recent horses (between 2000 and 3000 years BP) fell into all seven haplogroups. Comparison with DNA data of present-day horses suggests that haplogroup F is like to be an ancient haplogroup of East Asian origin. These analyses also suggest that the origin of Chinese domestic horses is complex, and external mtDNA input occurred after initial domestication. Our results indicate that the Chinese ancient horses are more related to the modern Mongolian horses. Lastly, our results cannot support the previous hypothesis that early Chinese domestic horses were derived from the Przewalski horse.     

论抗战初期英美民众援华制日运动

1937年7月中国抗日战争全面爆发后,在英美两国国内引起了强烈反响,特别是在两国民众中掀起了援助中国抗战的热潮,形式多样,各具特点,并得到社会许多方面的支持。随着日本侵华的加剧,英美民众援华制日运动不断加强。英美民众对中国全面抗战的积极反应,极大地鼓舞了中国人民,也为英美东亚政策向积极方面转化铺垫了社会民众基础。本文拟就这一问题进行探讨,以求教学界同行。     

枣树沟脑遗址F14及其相关问题分析

枣树沟脑遗址位于陕西省淳化县润镇乡梁家行政村辖区(图一).2006年4～7月,西北大学文化遗产与考古学研究中心、陕西省考古研究院、淳化县博物馆等单位首次发掘该遗址时,获得了一批重要的考古资料,尤其先周时期的文化遗存极富特色.     

霍乱与商业社会中的人口死亡——以1919年的黄县为例

1919年的霍乱造成黄县各村落普遍感染和4%的人口死亡率,黄县霍乱的严重流行虽然与天气和县内各地不同的土壤条件有关,但最主要的因素是该县发达的商业。黄县的地理位置和地貌特点使其北部和中部地区形成不同等级的城市和市镇体系,这种城镇分布特点部分决定了1919年的霍乱传播模式和人口死亡程度,形成除龙口和城关镇以外的各乡镇霍乱死亡率有规则的高低错落分布的特点。在交通不便的南部山区,因该地业已卷入到市场体系当中,故该区亦成为此次霍乱流行的重灾区。总之,以农业为主的县与以商业为主的县在霍乱传播模式上有很大的不同。     

伊拉克哈希姆王朝的"民主实践"

目前国外学术界流行着一种观点,即伊拉克存在着威权主义的政治文化,历史上没有民主实践.伊拉克历史被叙述为威权主义的延续,其政治动员依赖中央权威的巩固与加强,国家机构是鼓动民众支持政府的工具.实际上持此观点的学者只是关注了1958年以来的伊拉克历史,忽视了1921-1958年伊拉克哈希姆王朝的历史事实.本文[1]认为,伊拉克哈希姆王朝的"民主实践"表现为政党政治的发展与议会生活的变迁."民主实践"虽然随着哈希姆王朝的终结而失败,但在伊拉克历史上占有重要的地位.     

North Korea's diplomacy to engage the United States

For the past two decades relations between North Korea and the United States have become increasingly hostile. Pervasive and vociferous criticism of North Korea's dangerous and seemingly irrational behaviour has focused on Pyongyang's use of nuclear brinkmanship, violations of human rights and general disregard for the well-being of the North Korean people, as exemplified by its decision to develop a nuclear programme while the country suffered from widespread famine. However, an alternate view put forth by both American and South Korean experts on North Korea holds that Pyongyang's use of the nuclear wager primarily has been intended to demand Washington's attention in order to initiate bilateral talks and eventually normalise relations with the US. Certainly, Pyongyang's actions have been ham-fisted at times; however, its commitment to the goal of normalisation has been unwavering. The current controversy regarding North Korea's nuclear programme may serve as a necessary step to build trust between Washington and Pyongyang and might continue for sometime, given the short history of direct engagement. However, one thing is clear: neither Washington nor Pyongyang can afford to go back to the starting point.     

周陈关系、祭礼与陈地风谣本事考——以《宛丘》、《东门之枌》为例

<陈风>中的<宛丘>、<东门之枌>,旧说以为刺陈幽公.陈幽公当周厉王之世.<毛传>:"宛丘,刺幽公也.淫荒昏乱,游荡无度.""<东门之枌>,疾乱也.幽公淫荒,风化之所行.男女弃其旧业,亟会于道路,歌舞于市井尔."<郑笺>及孔<疏>同毛说.陈幽公的谥号为"幽",意为"动祭无常".