Mollusk shells from burials of tuzovskiye bugry-1 As indicators of ethno-cultural processes In southern siberia and western central asia In the 3rd millennium bc

This article focuses on adornments made of mollusk shells from graves of the Tuzovskiye Bugry-1 burial ground in the Altai Territory. The collection includes bivalve shells: Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs. et Star. currently inhabiting the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins; Corbicula tibetensis Prash. inhabiting the mountain regions of Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, and the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins; fossil Corbicula similar to Corbicula fl uminalis Mull; swan mussel of the genus Colletopterum inhabiting the Ob basin; and one specimen of Cardiidae sp. of the marine, probably, paleospecies. The most interesting are ancient marine tooth shells related to the genus Dentalium (class Scaphopoda, family Dentaliidae). In the Altai Territory, there are no such deposits that could have contained such shells. These shells were possibly brought by people from other regions. The closest occurrences of Dentaliidae are known in the Aral Sea region. The presence of beads of a truncated cone shape made of Dentalium shells as well as pendants made of Corbicula valves suggest connections between the Altai population and people inhabiting Western Central Asia. These connections might have existed in the form of direct contacts with bearers of the Ust-Narym and Botai cultures or else might have been the result of migration of people from Western Central Asia and Eastern Kazakhstan to the Altai.     

齐白石作品市场价值的意义

齐白石是20世纪中国最伟大的艺术大师,兼画家、书法家、篆刻家、诗人于一身。公元1864年生于湖南湘潭一个贫困家庭,原名纯芝,小名阿芝,字渭清,后改名璜,字濒生,号白石等。12岁学木匠,15岁学雕花木工,人称＂芝木匠＂,27岁开始绘画生涯。先后从师萧乡陔、文少可、胡沁园、谭溥等学画,     

The today and tomorrow of Geography

The author proposes a fundamental shift of the center of gravity of Soviet geography from Its present emphasis on physical geography toward greater stress on economic geography. He feels that most major geographic problems should be solved by inter-disciplinary teams of geographers from various specialized fields in which economic geographers would act as conductors of the geography orchestra.     

Nikolay Vasil'yevich Morozov

Moscow University geographers commemorate a fellow faculty member who died in 1949 after having been barred from teaching and from publication of his methodological articles in the last 15 years of his life. The appraisal of N. V. Morozov is followed by a previously unpublished article on relationships between society and nature, designed to support the “unified geography” position in the current ideological dispute.     

Economic Geography at the 1960 International Geographical Congress

The author compares the scope of economic-geography papers at the Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm congresses, discusses William William-Olsson's book on Stockholm, and analyzes a number of congress papers with an economic-geographic content.     

On Neutralization of the Effect of Physical Differences in Mining through the use of a System of Prices

Proposals basing mineral prices on the worst mining concitions combined with the levying of differential rents for mineral lands are opposed as inconsistent with socialist economics. Instead it is proposed that the physical factor in mining be neutralized by a system of flexible multi-stage prices in which the cost of differences in physical operating conditions among producers would be absorbed by the industry, and all producers would be placed under equal economic conditions.     

The Cultural Landscape

This early article by an economic geographer takes issue with the view that man's influence on the natural environment is accidental, that it Is inadequate to give rise to new landscapes, and that altered landscapes can revert to their original state. Saushkin contends that human activity, on the contrary, introduces far-reaching consequences in the natural environment, that this results in the creation of new cultural landscapes, and that, as a general rule, man-altered landscapes do not revert to their original state when human activity ceases. A separate discipline for the study of cultural landscapes is proposed.     

Problems of Long-Term Geographic Prediction

A program of geographic prediction up to the year 2000 is proposed for inclusion in the teaching and research plan of the Geography Faculty of Moscow University. Three aspects are distinguished: (1) specific forecasting of changes on the face of the earth and in the use of resources, (2) the elaboration of methods of geographic prediction, and (3) prediction of future trends in the science of geography. The three key factors in specific geographic prediction are the hydroclimatic, the anthropogenic, and the resource factor. The principal method of prediction should be the study of chain reactions, of cause-and-effect relationships, allowing for flexible multivariate forecasts. In the science of geography, periods of differentiation and integration are found to have alternated at periods of 25 to 30 years. The most promising tendencies in geographic research are the hydroclimatic approach, the new synthetic disciplines, economic geography, and integrated mapping of geographic phenomena.     

The Results of the 21st International Geographical Congress

A review of the New Delhi meetings notes the significance of the congress for the development of the science of geography in India as well as the growing participation of geographers from developing countries. Abstracts of papers are analyzed statistically by subject and by country of origin. The geography of agriculture and urban geography are found to be more heavily represented than at most congresses (except the 18th in Rio de Janeiro), reflecting the significance of these two research areas for developing countries. Papers from socialist countries are found to be underrepresented in biogeography (especially medical geography) and the geography of agriculture, industry, and transportation. The hope is expressed that the Montreal congress in 1972 will break away from the traditional thematic breakdown and organize sections around interdisciplinary problem areas.