《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文校勘

明中叶黄成所著《髹饰录》是我国古代唯一传世的漆器工艺著作。本文在对《髹饰录》校勘的基础上、继对《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文进行校勘辨正。     

Archaeogenetic study of prehistoric rice remains from Thailand and India: evidence of early <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> in South and Southeast Asia

We report a successful extraction and sequencing of ancient DNA from carbonized rice grains (Oryza sativa) from six archaeological sites, including two from India and four from Thailand, ranging in age from ca. 2500 to 1500 BP. In total, 221 archaeological grains were processed by PCR amplification and primary-targeted fragments were sequenced for comparison with modern sequences generated from 112 modern rice populations, including crop and wild varieties. Our results include the genetic sequences from both the chloroplast and the nuclear genomes, based on four markers from the chloroplast and six from the nuclear genome. These markers allow differentiation of indica rice from japonica rice, the two major subspecies of Asian rice (O. sativa) considered to have separate geographical origins. One nuclear marker differentiates tropical and temperate forms of subspecies japonica. Other markers relate to phenotypic variation selected for under domestication, such as non-shattering, grain stickiness (waxy starch) and pericarp colour. Recovery and identification of sequences from nuclear markers was generally poor, whereas recovery of chloroplast sequences was successful, with at least one of four markers recovered in 61 % of archaeological grains. This allowed for successful differentiation of indica or japonica subspecies variety, with japonica identified in all the Thai material and a mixture of indica and japonica chloroplasts in the two Indian assemblages. Rice subspecies was also assessed through conventional archaeobotanical methods relying on grain metrics, based on measurements from 13 modern populations and 499 archaeological grains. Grain metrics also suggest a predominance of japonica-type grains in the Southeast Asian sites and a mixture of japonica and indica in the Indian sites with indica in the minority. The similar results of grain metrics and ancient DNA (aDNA) affirm that grain measurements have some degree of reliability in rice subspecies identification. The study also highlights the great potential of ancient DNA recovery from archaeological rice. The data generated in the present study adds support to the model of rice evolution that includes hybridization between japonica and proto-indica.     

Identification of the prehistoric catastrophes at the Lajia Ruins using micromorphological analysis within the Guanting Basin,Minhe County,Qinghai Province

The Lajia Ruins is a large Neolithic settlement of the Qijia Culture that is dated to 4200–3950 bp within the Guanting Basin along the upper Yellow River. Archaeological excavations have exposed extraordinary pictures of prehistoric catastrophes that ruined this settlement and caused great loss of human life. The causation of the prehistoric catastrophes is an arguable topic in the field of environmental archaeology in China and over the world. Our fieldwork investigations indicated that the palaeo-ground of the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins was broken by several groups of earthquake fissures. A layer of conglomerated red clay buried the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins and filled in these earthquake fissures. Determining the macro- and microscale morphological features of the conglomerated red clay provides an alternative reference for understanding the cause of the prehistoric catastrophes at the Lajia Ruins. The macrofeatures of the conglomerated red clay has a rolling surface and wavy structure, with human bodies of the Qijia Culture, stones, loess soil clods, pottery shards, burnt earth, charcoal and ash from the palaeo-ground entrapped inside. And the micromorphological features of the conglomerated red clay is characterized by rolling and wavy structure along with no directional alignment of grains within horizons and a large numbers of pores with complicated shapes, including large regular pores that can be characterized as sub-round, elliptical and cloud-like pores, as well as small irregular pores. Thus, the conglomerated red clay is classified as dense mudflow deposits. And then, we can conclude that the large Neolithic settlement of the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins was buried and devastated by immense mudflows that accompanied a major earthquake.     

A new dysagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera: Palaeodysagrion) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber

AUTHOR, N. &; AUTHOR, P. December 2017. Article title. Alcheringa 42, 301-305. ISSN 0311-5518. Dysagrionidae are common in Paleogene sedimentary rocks, but rarely recorded in the Mesozoic. This family, however, is diverse in Burmese amber. A new dysagrionid damselfly, Palaeodysagrion youlini Zheng, Chang &; Chang sp. nov., is described here based on a well-preserved specimen (holotype) in Burmese amber. The new damselfly provides wing apex and body characters for Palaeodysagrion. It differs from Palaeodysagrion cretacia in having Arc slightly distal of Ax2, the midfork slightly basal of the nodus, Cr and Sn almost perpendicular to RA and RP and in having a simple wing system. This is the fourth dysagrionid damselfly described from the Burmese amber.

Daran Zheng* [dranzheng@gmail.com], State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210,008, PR China; Su-Chin Chang [suchin@hku.hk]*, Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China; Bo Wang? [bowang@nigpas.ac.cn], State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210,008, PR China. *Also affiliated with: Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China. ?Also affiliated with: Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100,101, PR China.     

Ectopic paragonimiasis from 400-year-old female mummy of Korea

Of the parasite eggs discovered in ancient samples from Korean archaeological sites, Paragonimus spp. are of particular importance in that they are regarded as one of the most insidious trematode infection sources. Although their infection prevalence decreased rapidly in the early 20th century, archaeoparasitological studies on the species are still required, as historical knowledge of paragonimiasis remains far from comprehensive. Fortunately, we recently were given a chance to examine a medieval Korean mummy in a good state of preservation. Using morphological techniques, we discovered evidence of ectopic paragonimiasis in the sample from the 17th-century female. When the ITS 2 gene was extracted, amplified and sequenced from Paragonimus eggs, it showed 100% homology to the sequences of modern Paragonimus westermani reported from Korea and Japan, forming a cluster distinct from South Asian P. westermani. Our report is the first-ever analysis of ancient Paragonimus DNA from any archaeological field in the world. The ectopic paragonimiasis diagnosis made in this study, especially involving the liver sample, also is the first of its kind in archaeoparasitology.     

康熙制作、赏赐松花石砚考

对康熙朝制作松花石砚的具体起始时间,学界有不同看法,作者通过深入考察康熙三四十年代松花石砚的制作发展过程,讨论了康熙朝松花石砚的发展史。作者通过分析提出两阶段说,特别是使用奏折等资料,梳理了康熙帝赏赐松花石砚的状况,揭示了赏赐对调节君臣关系的作用。康熙帝制砚、赏砚的行为被子孙所仿效,形成了清代特有的砚的政治文化。康熙帝制作松花石砚有认同中国传统文化以及建构自身优秀文化的政治深意。     

Shock Response from Pseudodynamic Test Using Momentum Equations of Motion

The feasibility of using pseudodynamic techniques to yield shock responses from impulses is studied herein. A direct integration method is often used to solve the force equation of motion in performing a conventional pseudodynamic test. However, this technique might not be applicable to obtain an accurate shock response from an impulse as a load discontinuity occurs at the end of the impulse. This is because this discontinuity will lead to an extra amplitude distortion and the amount of this amplitude distortion is increased with the increase of time step. Hence, a small time step is needed to reduce the extra amplitude distortion and thus the displacement increment for each time step might be smaller than or as small as the resolution of the displacement transducer. As a result, the displacement increment cannot be accurately imposed upon the specimen and the responses will be contaminated by the noise. In addition, the test duration is drastically increased. Alternatively, this difficulty might be overcome if the momentum equation of motion instead of the force equation of motion is solved pseudodynamically. Hence, an external momentum is used in the solution of the momentum equation of motion. Since the external momentum is a resultant of the time integration of the external force the discontinuity problem will automatically disappear. Consequently, reliable shock responses can be obtained from pseudodynamic tests.