Transitional justice and human rights in Afghanistan

Like other societies emerging from protracted conflict, Afghanistan confronts a legacy of past crimes and violence. Communist rulers, Soviet occupiers, rural resistance fighters, Islamist parties, the Taleban movement, Pakistani volunteers, al-Qaeda members, power-seeking warlords, and the anti-Taliban coalition all contributed more or less to the litany of abuses since 1978. Almost no one in the society has been untouched, and almost no one with any power has clean hands. For these very reasons, caution and care are necessary. Demobilizing and reintegrating tens of thousands of irregular militia, as well as creating new security forces are the necessary conditions for the rest of the peace-building agenda, and, as shown by the author's first-hand experience in the Bonn negotiations over the post-Taleban succession, raising the issue of past crimes prematurely may lead fighters to revert to previous modes of behaviour. He argues for a careful start that emphasizes documenting the scale of the abuses with an emphasis on the suffering of the victims rather than the guilt of the perpetrators, in order gradually to support an Afghan debate on how to reconcile the society with its history.     

金坛三星村新石器时代人骨研究

三星村新石器时代墓地男女性个体比例约为1．69：l,男性明显多于女性。     

性格的悲剧——试论郑成功和施琅从合作到对抗的个性因素

清朝初期,围绕着收复台湾的问题,郑成功和施琅展开了针锋相对、你死我活的斗争。而强烈的个性冲突以及彼此之间利益的对立,是导致他俩人从朋友到敌人、从合作到对抗变化的主要原因。     

西部大学城对未来西安市城市空间扩散的影响

本文在简单介绍了西部大学城及西安市城市空间扩散基本情况的基础上,具体分析了西部大学城对未来西安市中心城区用地面积,教育空间,人口空间,产业空间等方面的城市空间扩散的影响,并提出了在此过程中需要注意的问题及对策,为促进西安市城市空间有序扩散提供一种理论支撑。     

Typologies of Advantage and Disadvantage: Socio‐economic Outcomes in Australian Metropolitan Cities

Australia's metropolitan cities have undergone significant social, economic and demographic change over the past several decades. In terms of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage these changes, which are often associated with globalisation, wider economic and technological restructuring, the changing demographics of the population and shifts in public policy are not evenly dispersed across cities, but represent a range of often contrasting outcomes. The current paper develops a typology of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage for locations across Australian metropolitan cities. More specifically, the paper takes a range of Australian Bureau of Statistics data and uses a model‐based approach with clustering of data represented by a parameterised Gaussian mixture model and discriminant analysis utilised to consider the differences between the clusters. These clusters form the basis of a typology representing the range of socio‐economic and demographic outcomes at the local community level.     

新政以来美国行政法的发展与司法审查的新领域

美国法院在19世纪末和20世纪初曾对政府经济立法采取司法能动主义态度,但在新政期间转向了司法克制主义,从而为新政和战后美国政府加强经济干预开了绿灯.值得我们     

文物保护中使用非典型丙烯酸酯类材料的应用述评

丙烯酸酯类聚合物(Acrylic Polymers)材料具有成膜性、可逆性、疏水性好的优异性能,被广泛应用于文物的加固、粘接和封护等。典型的丙烯酸酯类材料如Paraloid B-72、Primal AC-33等在文物保护领域内应用时间长、范围广,但由于文物材质、保存情况不同,难以满足所有的保护要求。本研究梳理了其他非典型丙烯酸酯类文物保护材料,如Paraloid?系列B-44、B-48N、B-66、B-67;Primal?系列SF-016、B-60A、MC-76、WS-24以及其他乳液型丙烯酸材料。通过对比其基本化学成分、应用对象、方法及效果,以及使用过程中的特征及优缺点,总结了其在文物保护中的应用历史、现状及发展前景,以期为丙烯酸酯类保护材料的选择提供有益的参考。     

EVALUATION FOR CUTBACK MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CITIES: CAN THE PROBLEMS BE SOLVED?

Problems of undertaking applied research in small cities planning economic cutbacks are explored. Researchers face problems in balancing administrative and political pressures. Predetermined ideas held by members of the city council on how the city should cut back services might cause politicians to ignore the findings of the study. While the belief of department heads that the study was simply going to excuse cutbacks could cause difficulty in data gathering efforts. In overcoming these problems care was needed in defining precisely what topics to study, in getting mutual consent on technical issues and in protecting the findings from possible distortion.     

英属北美殖民地法律的早期现代化

关于英属北美殖民地社会经济属何种性质的讨论,涉及到对当时法律制度的历史地位进行评价的问题,美国学术界在这些方面至今还存在很多争议。从美国学者的学术交锋来看,尽管英属北美殖民地是否已进入资本主义发展阶段仍有待商榷,但当时市场经济的扩张确实已达到了一定的程度,从而使殖民地的法律制度出现了早期现代化的趋势,主要表现为陪审团在民事审判中的初步式微、从事实性答辩向法律性答辩的转变、普通法令状制度的逐步健全、专业律师队伍的出现和仲裁的正规化或边缘化。因此,英属北美殖民地法律在美国法律史上占有重要地位,殖民地时期绝不是美国法律的“黑暗时代”,当然也不可和19世纪混为一谈。