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The Still Bay (SB) and Howiesons Poort (HP) industries, endemic to southern Africa and dating to approximately 72–59 ka, have
received a great deal of archaeological attention by virtue of their striking patterns of technology and their close association
with some of the earliest unambiguously symbolic objects found in southern Africa. This paper reviews recent literature concerning
SB and HP lithic assemblages, faunal remains, paleoenvironmental contexts, and chronological information. It argues that SB
biface-dominated technology was designed to be multifunctional and to economize lithic raw material, a strategy well-suited
to foragers moving frequently across a wide range of ecological zones in which access to resources and prey encounters were
unpredictable. In contrast, HP blade-based tools, using backed blades as modular components in compound weapons, were efficient
and reliable hunting weapons designed for specific tasks. More costly and difficult to maintain, HP technology resulted from
the targeting of known, localized, and seasonal resources through planned logistical forays. We argue that these complicated
patterns of innovation represent separate cultural responses to environmental instability during Marine Isotope Stage 4 and
demographic pressures in southern Africa at this time. Against the backdrop of environmental and demographic shifts, the emergence
of these innovative tools and associated symbolic objects reflects distinct but quintessentially modern cultural behaviors
ethnographically associated with risk reduction, reciprocity, and information sharing. 相似文献
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Grant S. McCall 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2012,20(2):157-203
Although the modern production and use of stone tools is rare, ethnoarchaeological research on this subject has provided important
perspectives on methodological approaches to archaeological lithic analysis. Recent ethnoarchaeological research on lithics
frequently takes the form of “cautionary tales,” warning against the primacy of functional variables most commonly invoked
by lithic analysts. I argue that lithic ethnoarchaeology would benefit from a comparative organizational framework for explaining
variation in patterns of stone tool use that takes into account the predictability and redundancy of the location and timing
of technological activities. Understanding the underlying causes of modern patterns of stone tool use, in turn, offers a framework
for exploring sources of lithic technological variation in the archaeological record. I also argue that technological analytical
perspectives, such as the cha?ne opératoire and sequence of reduction approaches, can benefit from the insights gained through
lithic ethnoarchaeological research, helping us define important analytical concepts and identify appropriate units of analysis. 相似文献
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Catherine Grant 《International Journal of Heritage Studies》2013,19(7):629-641
The issue of the widespread decline and loss of musical heritage has recently found increasing prominence in ethnomusicological discourse, and many applied projects from grassroots to international levels strive to support genres perceived to be under threat. Much recent literature on the subject features rhetoric that draws on metaphors from ecology, including, for example, the ideas of music ‘ecosystems’, ‘endangerment’ and ‘sustainability’. Offering an alternative (though not contradictory) perspective, I here characterise the widespread loss of musical heritage as a ‘wicked problem’– one with complex interdependencies, uncertainties and conflicting stakeholder perspectives, which defies resolution more than some of the ecological metaphors arguably imply. By drawing on theoretical notions of ‘wickedness’ from social policy planning and other areas, I aim to bring interdisciplinary insights to the discussion of strategies to mitigate the global threat to music as intangible cultural heritage. Offering three ‘stories’ about the problem of music genres ‘at risk’ and critiquing each of these stories against the theory of wicked problems, I explore the implications of this conceptualisation for heritage scholars, music researchers, policy-makers and other cultural stakeholders, in terms of moving us closer to realising effective, resilient and innovative approaches to the problem at hand. 相似文献