Reviews

Australian

Don Aitkin, Brian Jinks and John Warhurst (eds), Australian Political Institutions, 4th edn, Melbourne, Longman Cheshire, 1989. $4.99 (paper)

F. G. Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability, Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1988, pp. 184. $19.95 (paper)

Ian C. Marsh (ed.) Australia Can Compete, Melbourne Longman Cheshire, 1988, pp. 261. $19.95 (paper)

Glyn Davis, Breaking up the ABC, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1988 pp. 150. $14.95. (paper)

Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege: Renewal or Privatisation for Australian Public Services?, Lei‐chardt, NSW, Pluto Press, 1989. pp. 496. $29.95 (paper)

Keith Hancock (ed.), Australian Society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. pp. 258. $25.00 (paper)

J. B. Hirst, The Strange Birth of Colonial Democracy. Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1988. pp. 305. $19.95 (paper)

Keith McConnochie, David Hollinsworth and Jan Pettman, Race and Racism in Australia, Social Science Press, Wentworth Falls, NSW, 1988. pp.259. $19.95 (paper).

Martin Painter, Steering the Modern State: Changes in Central Co‐ordination in Three Australian State Governments, Sydney, Sydney University Press, 1987. pp.208. $25.00 (paper)

Comparative and International

John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson (eds), Can the Government Govern!, Washington D.G, Brook‐ings, 1989. pp.339. US$29.95 (paper)

Timothy E. Cook, Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives, Washington D.C, Brookings, 1989. pp.210. US$26.95 (cloth)

Richard Crockatt and Steve Smith (eds) The Cold War Past and Present, Winchester, MA., Unwin Hyman, 1987. pp.272. US$14.95 (paper)

Leon Gordenker, Refugees in International Politics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1987. pp. 227. US$30.00 (cloth)

Stephen Hess, Organizing the Presidency, 2nd edn, Washington, D.C., Brookings, 1988. pp.273. US$10.95 (paper)

Eric Hobsbawm, Politics for a Rational Left, London, Verso, 1989. pp. 250. £8.95 (paper)

Robert A. Katzmann (ed.), Judges and Legislators: Towards Institutional Comity, Washington, Brookings, 1988. pp. 200. US$10.95 (paper)

Fred Krinsky (ed.), Crisis and Innovation: Constitutional Democracy in America, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1988. pp.158. $34.95 (paper)

Philip Laundy, Parliaments in the Modem World, Aldershot, Gower, 1989. pp.166. £25.00 (doth)

Stanley Bach and Steven S. Smith, Managing Uncertainty in the House of Representatives: Adaptation and Innovation in Special Rules, Washington D.C., Brookings, 1988. pp. 140. US$22.95 (cloth)

Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. pp.218. US$42.50 (cloth)

Carol M. Mueller (ed.) The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence. Newsbury Park, California, Sage, 1988. pp.316. US$ 16.95 (paper)

John Newhouse, The Nuclear Age: From Hiroshima to Star Wars, London, Michael Joseph, 1989. pp.486. £15.95 (cloth)

Richard Rose, Ordinary People in Public Policy. Newbury Park, California, Sage, 1989. pp.189. US$8.95 (paper)

Richard Rose, The Postmodern President: The White House Meets the World, Chatham, New Jersey, Chatham House, 1988. pp. 349. US$14.95 (paper)

William E. Rosenbach and Robert L. Taylor (eds) Contemporary Issues in Leadership, 2nd edn, Boulder, Westview, 1989. pp.248. US$16.95 (paper)

Angus Mclntyre (ed.) Aging and Political Leadership, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1988. pp. 316. $35.00 (cloth)

Graham Little Strong Leadership: Thatcher, Reagan and An Eminent Person, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1988. pp. 289. $ 19.95 (paper)

Emile Sahliyeh, In Search of Leadership: West Bank Politics Since 1967, Washington, D.C., Brookings, 1988. pp. 201. US$10.95 (paper)

Betty H. Zisk, Money, Media and the Grass Roots: State Ballot Issues and the Electoral Process. New‐bury Park, California, Sage, 1987. pp.279. US$12.95 (paper)

Political Theory and Methodology

Terrell Carver, Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Relationship. Harvester Press, Sussex, 1983. pp. 172. $50.00 (cloth)

Levi, Margaret, Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988. pp.253. US$10.95 (paper)

Robert Paul Wolff, Understanding Marx: A Reconstruction and Critique of Capital, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1984. pp.235. US$8.95 (paper)     

Multi-element soil analysis: an assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation

Multi-element soil analysis is now an established technique in archaeology. It has been used to locate archaeological sites and define the extent of human activity beyond the structural remains, and to aid interpretation of space use in and around archaeological remains. This study aimed to evaluate the consistency of these soil element signatures between sites and hence their potential usefulness in archaeological studies. Known contexts on abandoned farms across the UK were sampled to test the relationships between element concentrations and known functional area and to assess inter-site variability. The results clearly show that there are significant differences in the soil chemistry of contrasting functional areas, particularly for Ba, Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Sr and Pb. Despite significant site specific effects, which appear to reflect individual anthropogenic practices rather than geological influences, there is sufficient similarity in the pattern of element enhancement to allow reliable interpretation of former function using discriminant models. Relating these enhancements to precise soil inputs, however, is more problematic because many important soil inputs do not contain distinct element fingerprints and because there is mixing of materials within the soil. There is also a suggestion that charcoal and bone play an important role in both the loading and post-depositional retention of Ca, Sr, P, Zn, and Cu and thus may be significant in the formation of soil element concentration patterns.     

SPATIAL COMPETITION,PRICING, AND MARKET POWER IN TRANSPORTATION: A DOMINANT FIRM MODEL*

ABSTRACT Transport firms compete over space. We develop a dominant firm model of transport services wherein one firm (the railroad) has market power, but competes in space with a competitive alternative (truck‐barge). When constrained, the dominant firm prices to “beat the competition”, which impedes efficiency when demand has some elasticity. We extend the basic model in a number of directions that include the relationship between monopoly prices and the generalized concavity of the shipper demand functions, the effects of multiple terminal markets, the role of joint production (fronthaul–backhaul markets), and the effects of capacity constraints.     

Accounting for Temporal Demand Variations in Retail Location Models

This article develops and calibrates a spatial interaction model (SIM) incorporating additional temporal characteristics of consumer demand for the U.K. grocery market. SIMs have been routinely used by the retail sector for location modeling and revenue prediction and have a good record of success, especially in the supermarket/hypermarket sector. However, greater planning controls and a more competitive trading environment in recent years has forced retailers to look to new markets. This has meant a greater focus on the convenience market which creates new challenges for retail location models. In this article, we present a custom built SIM for the grocery market in West Yorkshire incorporating trading and consumer data provided by a major U.K. retailer. We show that this model works well for supermarkets and hypermarkets but poorly for convenience stores. We then build a series of new demand layers taking into account the spatial distributions of demand at the time of day that consumers are likely to use grocery stores. These new demand layers include workplace populations, university student populations and secondary school children. When these demand layers are added to the models, we see a very promising increase in the accuracy of the revenue forecasts.     

‘Not All That Is White Is Lime’—White Substances from Archaeological Burial Contexts: Analyses and Interpretations

Archaeological burial contexts may include a variety of white substances, but few analyses have been published. This study reports on the physico‐chemical characterization of such residues from seven archaeological sites. It is often assumed that white materials from burial contexts are lime. Our findings demonstrate that they can be gypsum, calcite (chalk), aragonite, brushite, degraded metal, natural (gum) resins or synthetic polymer–based products. These may be present as the result of diagenetic processes, funerary practices or modern contamination. This paper provides an analytical approach for the holistic investigation of white materials encountered in burial contexts.