STRUCTURAL IMPERATIVES BEHIND RACIAL CHANGE IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

While it is agreed that capital made use of race to restructure for more profitable production, there have been few attempts to incorporate race within the general framework of historical materialist inquiry and class politics. This paper discusses the social construction of race in Birmingham, Alabama for the industrial, Fordist, and post-Fordist phases of U.S. capitalist development. No other industrial city in America would rely upon black labor so early in its industrial development as Birmingham, providing the opportunity to examine the social construction of race from an early stage of industrial capitalism. While southern periodizations of capitalist development correspond in some ways to those of the regulationists, they also diverge in other important ways, precisely because the southern road to capitalism was different, defining the path for the entry of blacks into capital-labor relations.     

An Equivalence Theorem to Integrate Entropy-Maximizing Submodels within Overall Mathematical-Programming Frameworks

This paper presents a lemma and a theorem which demonstrate equivalent ways of formulating certain mathematical-programming problems. The first shows, in general terms, how constraints can be “absorbed” into the objective function and vice versa. The second shows how such ideas can be applied to spatial analysis problems involving the minimization of development costs subject to interactions being determined by (suboptimal) entropy-maximizing models. This provides both a new perspective on the relationship between programming and entropy models, and formulations that are computationally convenient.     

Reviews

THE PEACEFUL ATOM IN FOREIGN POLICY. Arnold Kramish. For the Council on Foreign Relations. New York, Harper and Row, 1963. Pp. xi + 276. $5.50.

POWER AND THE PURSUIT OF PEACE: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN STATES. F. H. Hinsley. Cambridge University Press, 1963. Stg. 40/‐.

THE HIDDEN FORCE. F. W. Godwin, R. N. Goodwin and W. F. Haddad (eds.) New York, Harper & Row, 1963, Pp. 203.

POLITICS AND ECONOMICS. Lord Robbins, London, Macmillan & Co., 1963. Pp. x + 231. Australian price 41/6.

STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY. J. M. Mackintosh. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 332. Australian price 37/6d.

THE BOMBAY MUNICIPAL CORPORATION: AN ELECTION STUDY. B. A. V. Sharma and R. T. Jangam. Bombay, Popular Book Depot, 1962. Pp. x + 170. Rs. 10.

THE NIGERIAN FEDERAL ELECTION OF 1959: POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION IN A DEVELOPING POLITICAL SYSTEM. K. W. J. Post. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, London, 1963. Pp. xi + 286. Australian price 76/6d.

INDIA AND AFGHANISTAN: A STUDY IN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 1876–1907. D. P. Singhal. Brisbane, University of Queensland Press. Pp. 216. Australian price 55/6d.

SOUTHERN EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA. Charles A. Price. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1963. Pp. xvi + 342. Australian price 59/6d.

THE METHOD AND STATISTICS OF ‘SOUTHERN EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA’. Charles A. Price. Canberra, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, 1963. Pp. viii + 125. Australian price 27/6d.     

The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation

Copper isotope fractionation in United States cents traces changes in the source of copper and identifies historical events. Application of copper isotopes as a geochemical tracer requires consistent isotopic signatures of the ores and refined metals. Overlapping isotopic signatures of crushed ores, chalcocite and refined metal extracted from Morenci, Arizona indicate modern mining processes that produce distinguishable single ore deposit geochemical signatures. The coincidence of copper isotope ratios in metals and ore deposits also exists within the United States cents analyzed here. Specifically, historical records confirm two different sources for copper in cents from 1800 through 1867. The copper isotope composition of the 1828, 1830, 1836, 1838 and 1843 cents coincides with the Cornwall ores of England, and cents post 1850 (1859, 1862) correspond with the Michigan ores of the United States. Three of the thirty-six post 1867 cents measured possess fractionated copper isotope ratios and indicate the change in source of copper for the United States cent.     

Ideological content and institutional frameworks: Unionist identities in Northern Ireland and Scotland

This article examines the complex interactions between British national identity and the territorial identities of Northern Ireland and Scotland. We argue that the current literature on national identities in Britain misunderstands the nature of British identities in Northern Ireland and Scotland. Indeed, much of this literature wrongly defines Unionists in both of these areas. By examining the content of British national identity, a comparison of Scotland and Northern Ireland reveals that Unionism finds political significance through an ideological project committed to the Union. However, we also have to account for the differences in the Unionist ideology of Scotland and Northern Ireland. We argue that the institutional framework in which these identities and ideologies are exercised explains this variation. Overall, we argue that the debate on nationalism in the United Kingdom has not adequately shown how the integrative functions of British national identity can co-exist with the separatist nature of territorial national identity.