Approximate Methods for Estimating Hysteretic Energy Demand on Plan-Asymmetric Buildings

The first step in a hysteretic energy-based design approach of performance-based design is the estimation of hysteretic energy demand in the structure. A nonlinear response-history analysis of the multi-degree of freedom model gives an accurate estimation, but it is not suitable for adopting in design. Two alternative methods, based on the concepts of modal pushover analysis (MPA) and 2D-MPA, are proposed in this article for uniaxial plan-asymmetric structures. Application studies show that both methods are efficient. While the 2D-MPA-based method is more accurate, the MPA-based method is more suitable for design adoption. Significant conclusions are given for prospective application of these methods.     

Asian migration to Australia: Changing trends and implications

International migration between Asia and Australia has undergone profound change in the last two decades. This paper outlines the major changes which have occurred in this movement. The proportion of Australia's resident population born in Asia has increased from 1.1 % in 1976 to 5.5 % in 2001. Asians now make up more than a third of new settlers to Australia but there has been an increased diversity in the flow of Asian settlers to Australia as well as the substantial increase in numbers. Australian international migration has entered a new era since the mid‐1990s with a greatly increased flow of temporary workers to Australia. The inflow of these workers is less dominated by Asia‐born people than is the permanent flow except for student migration. There is also an increasing flow of movers from Australia to Asia. Much current knowledge and research remain focused on Asian permanent settlement in Australia. While this is important and worthwhile, there is a need to broaden the work to encompass the full range of population movements between Asia and Australia if the impact of international migration is to be adequately assessed.     

The problem of runrig

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Continental Drift. By D. H. and M. P. Tarling. 8 1/2 x 6. 112 pp., 43 illustrations. Bibliography. G. Bell, London. £1–50.

Introduction to Geomorphology. By A. F. Pitty. xvi + 526 pp. Numerous illustrations, Bibliography. Index. Methuen, London, 1971. £5.

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

The Logic of Unity. By Geoffrey Parker. 8 1/2 x 5 1/2, xviii + 178 pp., 36 maps and diagrams. Longmans Geography Paperbacks. Second impression, 1970. £1.15.

Seaports and Seaport Terminals. By James Bird. 5 1/4 x 8 1/2, 240 pp., 22 maps, diagrams. Hutchison &; Co., London, 1971. 90p (paper).

Seaports and Development in Tropical Africa. Edited by B. S. Hoyle and D. Hilling. 8 3/4 x 6, xvi+271 pp. Macmillan, London. £4.

ISLANDS SERIES. Each volume approximately 13.5 x 21.7 cms., 250 pp., plates and maps, bibliographies. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1970/71. £2.50.

1. Orkney. By Patrick Bailey

2. Arran. By Robert McLellan

3. The Isle of Mull, By P. A. Macnab

4. St. Kilda and Other Hebridean Outliers. By Francis Thompson

The Industrial Archaeology of Galloway. By Ian Donnachie. 8 1/2 x 6. Pp. 271, 32 plates, 39 illustrations. David &; Charles, Newton Abbot, 1971. £3–50.     

Annual Report of the Committee and Accounts for the Year 1981

Superstitious Beliefs and Practices of the Finns. I. Those relating to Hunting and Trapping. (Sttomen kansan mtiinaisia taikoja. I. Metsastys taikoja). Helsingfors, 1891, pp. 243.By John Abercromby.     

Re‐writing the ‘book of blots’: Critical reflections on histories of technological ‘failure’

Abstract

Although an interest in technological ‘failure’ has become prominent in recent history of technology, historians have not always clearly articulated the presuppositions of attributing ‘failure’ to technology. This paper undertakes a critical examination of two main historiographies of ‘failure’: ‘failure’ as categorization of ‘pathological’ technologies that clearly demarcates them from ‘successes’, and ‘failure’ as a mundane and inevitable prerequisite of subsequent ‘success’. To reconcile these divergent analyses, this paper argues that historians should not treat ‘failure’ as residing in the technology itself. It is rather a matter of imputation according to socially‐embedded criteria of what constitutes success and failure. Accordingly judgements of ‘failure’ are prone to interpretive flexibility in a manner that is not necessarily settled by any process of ‘closure.’ I will argue that any ‘failure’ of technologies should be located in the socio‐technical relations of usage, especially in the expectations, skills and resources of human users. The moral irony of attributing responsibility for ‘failure’ to technologies themselves rather than to humans users will thereby be highlighted.     

The Chronicle of Ireland: then and now

This is the first systematic analysis of the contents of the earliest monastic chronicle in the Latin west, the so‐called Chronicle of Ireland, which spans the years 431/2–911. It aims to establish the reasons for which the Chronicle was compiled, unravel the process of compilation, and challenge the generic classification of the Chronicle and other European chronicles of this kind as works of historiography. As an alternative, it is proposed that the Chronicle might have been compiled with an eschatological objective in mind. The present investigation is shown to have implications for our understanding of early medieval chronicling more generally.     

From dates to demography in later prehistoric Ireland? Experimental approaches to the meta-analysis of large C data-sets

We present a series of iterative methods to examine the problems associated with summed probability functions (SPFs) based on archaeological radiocarbon data. As a case study we use an SPF generated from a substantial radiocarbon data-set from the Irish Later Bronze and Iron Ages. We use simple numerical methods to show that real patterns can be deciphered from SPFs that can be used to trace and evaluate patterns of change. However, our results suggest that SPFs should not be used as a simple index of past human activity.