甘肃泾川出土5件佛教造像彩绘分析及相关研究

运用显微观察、荧光拍照、偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜能谱分析手段,对#87北魏造像碑、#99隋代佛头、#54宋代残破佛头和2件泥塑佛像残块表面彩绘进行研究。结果显示,北魏和隋代造像红色为朱砂,绿色为石绿,白色为方解石;隋代造像面部肉色为硫酸铅和朱砂的混合物,眼黑为炭黑;宋代造像表面红色为铁红,白色为方解石;泥塑残块#1表面蓝色为石青和石绿的混合物,#2表面为朱砂,判断其制作年代不晚于唐代中期。白灰层主要成分为碳酸钙,并具有亮白色荧光反应,与碳酸钙粉末混合有机胶制成白灰层的荧光反应一致,判断古代样品白灰层中可能存在有机胶结质。在元素分析过程中,铅(Pb)一直存在,而在物相分析中并没有发现Pb的化合物。同样问题在早期关中出土墓葬壁画分析中同样存在,是否与彩绘工艺本身有关,值得引起关注。     

从“牝鸡无辰”到“共牢合卺”——由考古学统计资料看东周女性贵族社会地位之变迁

基于文献的东周女性史研究往往强调女性在东周时期社会地位逐渐式微。然而从考古学视角观察,女性贵族社会身份地位在东周时期却并非单向的跌落。春秋早期,女性贵族墓葬随葬器物延续西周以降的趋势,与男性贵族存在一个显著等差;春秋中期后,女性贵族墓葬随葬青铜器物组合层阶有了明显的提高,逐渐向异穴合葬男性配偶墓葬靠拢;春秋晚期,"夫妇同庖俎"(即合卺)逐渐成为一种稳定社会现象,女性贵族身份地位有了一个质的提高。这标志着贵族家庭婚姻制度及财产所有制发生了重大变化,显示社会基本构成由大家族向核心家庭转换。     

新中国成立初期的劳资协商会议制度——以郑州市为例

劳资协商会议是党和政府调解劳资关系的重要制度,它以“发展生产,繁荣经济,公私兼顾,劳资两利”为基本原则,对调解劳资关系、恢复发展经济起到了积极作用。根据中央和河南省的指示精神,1950年,郑州市积极设立劳资协商会议,为私营工商业发展做出了贡献。“五反”运动后,郑州市的劳资协商会议对缓和劳资关系、恢复生产、稳定社会秩序起到了一定的作用。     

Spatial and temporal variation in vulnerability of crop production to drought in southern Alberta

Growing evidence of global climate change has led to global concerns over the vulnerability of agriculture to drought. Located in a semiarid environment, southern Alberta has suffered significant losses of agricultural productivity due to drought hazards in recent decades. Understanding the relationship between crop production and drought conditions is essential for coping with increasingly uncertain climate conditions. This study attempts to quantify the magnitude of crop production vulnerability to drought in southern Alberta. The standard precipitation index is used to measure drought stress in the region. The empirical results provide a detailed picture of the spatial variation in crop production vulnerability to varying drought conditions. Vulnerability maps from this study reveal that pockets in the study area may experience significant productivity loss given the existing level of adaptive capacity. While the irrigation districts have been associated with a lower level of vulnerability than dryland outside the irrigated region, uncertain water supply under varying climatic conditions coupled with increasing water allocation for non‐agricultural uses may increase the vulnerability in these districts.     

试论雅典公民法庭的发展与演变

陪审法庭是古典时代雅典城邦重要的司法机构,曾在其政治生活中扮演举足轻重的角色。作为陪审法庭的前身,梭伦创设的上诉法庭是民主政体萌芽阶段的革新产物,它打破了贵族集团对司法权力的垄断,为司法民主化奠定了基础。作为以城邦公民为参与和决策主体的司法权力机构,上诉法庭和陪审法庭虽可统称为公民法庭,但二者在民主政体发展进程中所发挥的作用各有不同,不可混为一谈。     

ESR geochronology of the Minjiang River terraces at Wenchuan, eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, China

The Minjiang River terrace along the Longmen Shan fault zone near Wenchuan, at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China, provides archives for tectonic activity and quaternary climate change. However, previous studies were not able to provide ages older than 100 ka due to the limitations of dating material or/and methods applied to date the fluvial sediments. In this study, we used the ESR signal of the Ti-Li center in quartz to obtain the ages of four higher terraces (T3–T6). According to the results, the terraces T3 to T6 were formed at 64±19 ka, 101±15 ka, 153±33 ka, and 423±115 ka, respectively. Combined with previous studies, these results indicate that the formations of all terraces correspond to glacial/interglacial transition periods, such as, T1-T5 being correlated to MIS2/1, MIS4/3, MIS5d/5c, and MIS6/5e respectively, while T6 probably to MIS12/11. According to these data, it is found that the average incision rate was significantly higher over the last 150 ka than that previous 100 ka (250 to 150 ka). As both tectonics and climate have affected the formation of these terraces, in addition to the overall uplifting of Tibetan Plateau, the regional uplift due to isostasy would be an additional tectonic factor in the formation of river terraces in the eastern margin of Tibetan plateau.     

中国远征军上校团长沈开元印缅抗日纪实

沈开元,贵州平坝县人,1935年考入黄埔成都军校第十六期,历任税警总团排长、连长,缉私总队营长,中国远征军第38师112团长等职,后任军事教员。     

The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700–221 BC)

Bodies and glazes of 54 proto-porcelain sherds and 18 non proto-porcelain samples from Shang and Zhou periods production sites in Deqing, Zhejiang province were analysed by EPMA-WDS. The results indicate that the bodies of all samples were made from local raw material – porcelain stone, with the proto-porcelain samples being made from clay of higher quality. Wood ashes, high in lime and low in potash, were intentionally applied to the proto-porcelain samples, resulting in the formation of lime-rich glazes whose compositions were determined by a temperature-controlled mechanism. In contrast, kiln fragments and furniture show a potash-rich fuel vapour glaze, which formed unintentionally during use of the kiln. The firing temperature for most of the proto-porcelain glazes is around the maturing temperature for typical more recent lime glazes, showing that the potters were already at such an early time able to attain sufficiently high temperature in their kilns.     

BALANCED BUDGET MULTIPLIERS FOR SMALL OPEN REGIONS WITHIN A FEDERAL SYSTEM: EVIDENCE FROM THE SCOTTISH VARIABLE RATE OF INCOME TAX

This paper explores the impact on aggregate economic activity in a small, open region of an income tax funded expansion in public consumption that has no direct supply‐side effects. The conventional balanced budget multiplier produces an unambiguously positive macroeconomic stimulus, but the incorporation of negative competitiveness elements, through the operation of the local labor market, renders this positive outcome less certain. Simulation using a single‐region Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for Scotland demonstrates that the creation of local amenity effects, and the extent to which these are incorporated into local wage bargaining, is central to the analysis.     

秦陵百戏俑坑土遗址纵向水盐运移的模拟土柱实验研究

风化盐析是影响土遗址最为严重的病害之一。了解不同深度处土遗址可溶盐的含量以及变化规律可为土遗址的盐析病害提供理论依据和技术支撑。为此,本实验采用有机玻璃土柱装置和应用EM50传感器探头监测土柱不同深度处的含水率、电导率的变化规律,并结合实验室分析测定了不同时间土柱表面的含盐种类以及含盐量、不同深度处的含盐量等。结果表明,不同深度处土样的含水率越小电导率越大,且土壤表面的含水率最小,电导率最大;利用离子色谱法测定结果表明,除K+之外,Na⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺,Cl-and SO₄^2-的含量随深度的变化趋势与含盐量随深度的变化趋势一致。本研究可为土遗址盐析病害的防治提供理论参考。