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31.
Gerhard Herrgott 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》2008,31(2):144-159
The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910). 相似文献
32.
Sabine Klein Gerhard Peter Brey Soodabeh Durali-Müller Yann Lahaye 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(1):45-56
Copper isotopes can be successfully used to determine the origin of copper or bronze artefacts from either primary or supergene
sulphide or hydrocarbonate ores. In conjunction with lead isotopes, they provide information on the origin and type of the
metal ore. We demonstrate this in this paper from the combination of literature and own data on metal ores and artefacts (coins
and ingots). Low-temperature hydrocarbonates (esp. malachite and azurite) do not fractionate the copper isotopes amongst each
other and have identical lead isotopes. Substantial fractionation of copper isotopes, however, occurs between copper sulphides
and hydrocarbonates (malachite, azurite) such that the 65Cu isotope is always enriched in the oxidised relative to the sulphide phase with a clear distinction between the two ore
types. Expressed in the δ65Cu notation, we assigned supergene sulphides to values less than −0.4‰ down to negative values of −2‰ and more, primary sulphides
to a range between −0.4 and +0.3‰ and hydrocarbonates to positive values higher than +0.3‰. We have applied these boundaries
to copper coins and ingots from the time of the Roman emperors with known ages from Augustus up to 250 AD. The deposit fields
of the metal used for the production of the coins were previously identified from the lead isotope ratios to lie in the Southwest
and the Central South of Spain. From the combination of the lead and copper isotopes and the exact time constrains, we could
develop a picture of the change in mining activities in Spain involving continued mining sulphide ore deposits and, indicated
by positive δ65Cu values as proxies for malachite and azurite, the opening of new mines in various time slots. This first application shows
that copper isotopes will become the most important tool in archaeometallurgy to distinguish between the exploitation of deeper-seated
primary and supergene sulphide ores and shallower, secondary hydrocarbonate ores. This will become especially relevant for
archaeometric questions regarding the distinction between occasional and intentionally produced alloys. 相似文献
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Gerhard Baader 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》1984,7(2):67-84
In 1933 the nazis had immediately started to reorganize the health service and the medical profession on the basis of eugenics and efficiency. For everybody who had been engaged in the institutions of social medicine or social hygiene in the Weimar Republic the inhibition of medical practice, misery, distress, persecution, imprisonment or at the best emigration had been the consequence of it, for political and mostly also for racial reasons. But for these physicians who had to flee from Nazi-Germany the situation in the immigration countries had not been a good one in most of the cases. Therefore it is only possible to speak - if you neglect the special situation of the psychiatrists in the U.S.A. - in particular cases of transfer of medical science into the immigration countries from Germany. Most of the immigrants stayed after the war in their new homelands. The loss of these progressive aspects of social hygiene caused by the emigration of these physicians 1933 and afterwards from Germany can be noticed in this field of medicine and public health service in Western Germany until now. 相似文献